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In 1991, there were discussions regarding the thresholds for controlling turning machines in the context of strategic micro-weapon production and dual-use items. The thresholds were based on factors such as the Department of Energy's concerns, the Department of Defense, and foreign availability. Small turning machines were identified as being useful for fabricating centrifuge components. It was noted that only a small percentage of the turning machines exported from Japan, Italy, and Germany likely went to targeted proliferant nations, and even fewer would be denied based on end-user and end-usage considerations.