Soviet Atomic Energy - Vol. 34, No. 4

Body: Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Russian Original Vol. 34, No. 4, April, 1973 SATEAZ 34(4) 305-416 (1973) SOVIET ATOMIC ENERGY -ATOMHAR 3HEP114fl (ATOMNAYA iNERGIYA) TRANSLATED FROM RUSSIAN CONSULTANTS BUREAU; NEW YORK Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 ? SOVIET ATOMIC ENERGY Soviet Atomie?Energy is a cover-to-Cover translation of Atomnaya Energiya, a.publication of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR:, ' An arrangement with Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, the Soviet book. export agency, makes available both advance copies > of the Rus- sian journal and ,original glossy photographs and artwork. This serves to decrease the necessary time lag .between publication ' of the original and publication of the translationand helps to im- prove the quality Of the l4ter. The translation began with the first ' issue of the Russian journal. Editorial Board of Atomnaya Energiya: Editor: M. D. Millionshchikov Deputy Director ? I. V. Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy ? Academy of Sciences of the uspR " ,Moscow, USSR ? Assofciate 'Editors: N. A. Kolok011sov , N. A. Vlasov. A. A. Bochvar N. A. Dollezhal' V. S. FUrsov I. NI Golovin V. F. Kalinin A. K. Krasin A. I. Leipunskii A. P: Zefirov V. V. Matveev M. G. Meshcheryakov, P. N. Palei V. B. Shevchenkb D. L: Simonenko VI. Smfrnov A. P. Vinogradov CopyrightC1973 Consultants Bureau,,New York:a division of Plenum Publishing Corporation, 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011. All. rights reserved. No article contained herein may be reproduced for any tPurPose whatsoever without permission of the publishers'. 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CONSULTANTS BUREAU,' NEW YORK AND LONDON 227 West 17th Street New York, New York 10011 Davis House 8 Scrubs Lane Harlesden, NWI 0 6SE England - ? Published monthly. Second-class Postage paid at Jamaica, New York 11431. Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 SOVIET ATOMIC ENERGY A translation of Atomnaya Energiya October, 1973 Volume 34, Number 4 April, 1973 L'va Andreevich Artsimovich Hydraulic Resistance and Velocity Fields in Tubes with Artificial Wall Roughness ? M. D. Millionshchikov, V. I. Subbotin, M. Kb. Ibragimov, G. S. Taranov, CONTENTS Engl./Russ. 305 and L. L. Kobzar' 306 235 Investigation of Swelling of Structural Steels in Carbide Zone of the BR-5 Fast Reactor ? V. N. Bykov, A. G. Vakhtin, V. D. Dmitriev, Yu. V. Konobeev, L. G. Kostromin, and V. F. Reutov 316 247 Thermokinetic Analysis of Helium Evolution from Irradiated Materials ? V. S. Karasev, V. S. Kislik, G. F. Shved, and R. V. Grebennikov 321 251 Neutron Exposure during Studies of Radiation Damage to Materials in Nuclear Reactors ? E. A. Kramer-Ageev, S. S. Ogorodnik, V. D. Popov, and Yu. L. Tsoglin. . . 325 255 How to Calculate and Estimate Integral Characteristics of Ideal Two-Component Stages with Arbitrary Enrichments per Step ? N. A. Kolokoltts0V, N. I. Laguntsov, and G. A. Sulaberidze 329 259 New Method for Determining Hydrogen and Helium Isotope Content in Thin Samples ? K. P. Artemov, V. Z. Gol'dberg, I. P. Petrov, V. P. Rudakov, I. N. Serikov, and V. A. Timofeev 334 265 Space?Age Distribution of Neutrons Arising from the Spontaneous Fission of Uranium Nuclei in a Two-Layer Medium with a Cylindrical Interface ? Yu. B. Davydov. . 339 271 REVIEWS The Metrology of Neutron Measurement in Nuclear Reactors ? R. D. Vasil'ev 345 277 ABSTRACTS Moderation of Resonance Neutrons in Matter. Communication 5 ? D. A. Kozhevnikov, V. S. Khavkin, and V. A. Belizhanin 350 283 Calculation of the Effective Attenuation Factor of 'y-Radiation in a Microscopically Inhomogeneous Medium ? L. I. Shmonin and G. K. Potrebenikov y-Scanning Distribution of Heavy Elements over Polished Sections of Spent Fuel 351 284 Elements ? V. K. Shashurin, E. F. Davydov, A. V. Sukhikh, and M. I. Krapivin 352 284 Distribution of Neutrons in Workrooms at Nuclear Installations ? L. S. Andreeva, A. A. Savinskii, and I. V: Filyushkin 353 285 Efficiency of the Decontamination System for Radioactive-Gas Waste at the VK-50 Atomic Power Station ? E. K. Yakshin, A. G. Cherepov, Yu. V. Chechetkin, B. R. Keier, and G. Z. Chukhlov 354 285 High Burnup in Uranium Cermet Alloys ? A. I. Voloshchuk, V. V. Votinova, Yu. M. Golovchenko, A. Ya. Zavgorodnii, V. F. Zelenskii, Yu. F. Konotop, and R. A. Timchenko 355 286 Autoradiography of Microsegregations in a Radioactive Matrix ? V. N. Chernikov and A. P. Zakharov 355 287 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Calculation of Inner-Group Fast Neutron Spectra ? V. N. Gurin, V. S. Dmitrieva, and G. Ya. Rumyantsev LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Effect of Burnup of Indium on the Melting Points of y-Carriers of Hot Loops ? D. M. Zakharov, G. I. Kiknadze, and R. B. Lyudigov CONTENTS (continued) Engl./Russ. 356 288 358 289 Diffusion of Carbon in Beryllium Oxide ? V. P. Gladkov, V. S. Zotov, and D. M. Skorov 360 290 Determination of the Integral Parameters of the Interaction of Neutrons with Carbon ? V. T. Shchebolev 361 291 A Procedure for Comparing Various Atomic Electric Power Plant Systems . ? G. P. Verkhivker 364 293 Cost of Irradiation in a Research Reactor ? A. S. Kochenov and P. Gitsesku 367 295 Estimated Activity of a Thick Specimen in a Multiplying Medium (Conjugate random walk method) ? V. B. Polevoi 369 296 Energy Distribution over the Cross Section of the Track of Charged Particles Having the Same Linear Energy Transfer ? I. K. Kalugina, I. B. Keirim-Markus, A. K. Savinskii, and I. V. Filyushkin 372 298 Change in Optical Properties of Polyethylene Terephthalate Film Irradiated with 25-150 keV Protons ? S. P. Kapchigashev, V. P. Kovalev, V. A. Sokolov, and E. S. Barkhatov 374 299 Experimental Study of Current Formation in Direct-Charge Detectors with a Rhodium Emitter ? V. I. Mitin, V. F. Shikalov, and S. A. Tsimbalov 376 301 INFORMATION: CONFERENCES AND MEETINGS Third All-Union Conference on Charged-Particle Accelerators ? L. N. Sosenskii . 380 305 XVIth International Conference on High Energy Physics ? S. A. Bunyatov 386 309 International Symposium on the Physics of High Energies and Elementary Particles ? S. M. Bilen'kii and V. M. Sidorov 390 312 International Conference on the Interaction of Laser Radiation with Matter ? P. P. Pashinin 393 313 Third International Conference on Medical Physics ? V. S. Khoroshkov 395 315 Symposium on Handling Wastes from Reprocessing Spent Nuclear Fuel ? N. V. Krylova and A. N. Kondrat'ev 397 316 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL CONTACTS Visit by USSR State Commission for the Use of Atomic Energy Delegation to Belgium and the Netherlands ? 0. A. Voinalovich 400 318 BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS 402 319 BIBLIOGRAPHY New Items Published by Atomizdat (First quarter 1973) 404 321 BOOK REVIEWS I. L. Karol'. Radiation Active Isotopes and Global Transport through the Atmosphere ? Reviewed by B. A. Nelepo 412 325 P. Quittner. y-Ray Spectroscopy ? Reviewed by L. V. Groshev 414 325 The Russian press date (podpisano k pechati) of this issue was 3/28/1973. Publication therefore did not occur prior to this date, but must be assumed to have taken place reasonably soon thereafter. Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 L'VA ANDREEVICH ARTSIMOVICH On March 1, 1973, L. A. Artsimovich died; he was in his sixty-fifth year. The editorial board of the journal "Atomnaya Energiya" wish to express their sorrow on the occasion of the death' of this outstanding organizer of 'science and public-spirited person. L. A. Artsimovich was a great man, as is evinced by the titles he held and the positions of responsi- bility he occupied: Academician'?Secretary of the Department Of Physics and Astronomy and member of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR; Scientific Director of the 'I. V. KUrchatov Institute of Atomic Energy, Academy of Sciences of the USSR; Chairman of the National Committee of Soviet Physi- cists; Hero of Socialist Labor; Lenin Prize Laureate; and winner Of the Academic State Prize of the USSR. The death of L. A. Artsimovich is mourned by?all relations, friends, and pupil's of this outstanding man of science. Translated from Atomnaya Energiya, Vol. 34, No. 4, April, 1973. ' 0 197:1 Consultants Bureau, a division of Plenum Publishing Corporation, 227 West 17th Street, New York, N. Y.-10011. All rights reserved. This article cannot be reproduced for any purpose whatsoever without permission of the publisher. A copy of this article is available from the publisher for $15.00. 305 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 HYDRAULIC RESISTANCE AND VELOCITY FIELDS IN TUBES WITH ARTIFICIAL WALL ROUGHNESS M. D. Millionshchikov, V. I. Subbotin, M. Kh. Ibragimov, G. S. Taranov, and L. L. Kobzar' UDC 532.542.4 Modern technology is frequently concerned with channels containing projections of various kinds on their surfaces, being either necessitated by structural considerations or provided in order to intensify heat transfer. Such projections may validly be classed as surface roughness; however, the theoretical and ex- perimental study of flow in rough-walled channels has lagged seriously behind that of flow in smooth chan- nels and is inadequate to meet practical requirements. The problem is complicated by the great variety of geometrical characteristics encountered in practice with rough surfaces. A considerable amount of experimental material has now been gathered together in relation to this problem. A high proportion of the data relates to flow in tubes with annular and spiral linings [1-3], single-threaded surfaces [4, 5], sand roughness [6-9], and flow in tubes with natural roughness [8]. Dif- ferent types of rough surfaces have been studied for flow in a plane channel [10-12]. The experiments have shown that the effect of roughness on flow hydrodynamics cannot be characterized simply by the relative height of the elements of roughness, as would follow, for example, from the laws derived in [6]. The shape of the elements and their mutual disposition also has an effect. Existing experimental data relating to flow in rough tubes is insufficient for a complete elucidation of flow structure in the presence of a rough wall. Witness to this is the absence of any universal approach to the problem under consideration based on the geometrical characteristics of the rough surface. Attempts have been made to describe flow in tubes with different kinds of roughness by using a single parameter ? the height of the projections, k. However, this single quantity cannot embrace all possible types of roughness. Further, comparison between different experiments involving sand roughness [6, 7] shows that this parameter does not always facilitate correlation of experimental data, even for roughness of one particular type. Thus, in the experiments of [7], sand with a grain size of 1.35 mm caused a resis- tance which in the experiments of [6] would correspond to sand with a grain size of 2.22 mm. The use of an equivalent roughness parameter keg as a surface characteristic fails to solve the prob- lem, since it cannot reflect the complicated manner in which the resistance coefficient varies with the Reynolds number Re for various forms of roughness. There is at present a pressing need for the development of universal computing relationships reflect- ing the connection between the hydrodynamic flow characteristics and the geometrical characteristics of the rough surface; this necessitates studying flow in channels with rough walls in which the shape, size, den- sity distribution over the surface, and mutual disposition of the roughness elements are all known. In the present investigation we studied turbulent flow in round tubes with a regular artificial wall roughness. The experiments were carried out in air (Re = 4 103-2 ? 105) and water (Re = 7 104-106) test- beds. The vertical working section of the air system was connected at its upper end to the suction line of a fan through a damping tank. At the entrance into the working section, a filter, a honeycomb, a nozzle, and a turbulizing ring were arranged along the path of the air. The ring was needed because of the low turbulence Translated from Atomnaya Lergiya, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 235-245, April, 1973. Original article submitted January 8, 1973. 306 O 1973 Consultants Bureau, a division of Plenum Publishing Corporation, 227 West 17th Street, New York, N. Y. 10011. All rights reserved. This article cannot be reproduced for any purpose whatsoever without permission of the publisher. A copy of this article is available from the publisher for $15.00. Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 of the flow after passing the nozzle, as a result of which the development of flow in the inlet section was delayed (for example, in the case of a smooth tube the laminar mode of flow existed over a considerable proportion of the tube right up to Re = 5 ? 104). The air test-bed was used for measuring the hydraulic re- sistance and velocity profiles. In the experiments with air, small drops in static pressure for low Re numbers (4000-20,000) were determined by means of a bell-type balance micromanometer based on an analytical laboratory balance (the VLA-200G-M). This micromanometer measured pressure differences of 0.05 mm water to an error of no greater than 1%. The static pressure drops for Re = 15 ? 103-2 ? 105 and the velocity profiles were measured with an inclined liquid micromanometer having a minimal scale coefficient of 0.03. The maximum error in determining velocity close to the tube wall when measuring the dynamic head with an inclined differential manometer could be as high as 2%. The water test-bed was made of Kh18N1OT stainless steel. The working section was arranged hori- zontally. Distilled water was used as working medium. We used the water system solely for determining resistance coefficients. To this end we employed U-type differential manometers containing carbon tetra- chloride and mercury. The velocity profiles were measured in the exit cross section of the working parts, using a Pitot tube with an external diameter of 0.86 mm and a wall thickness of 0.18 mm; the tip of the tube had a spherical trim and passed 5 mm into the tube. The static pressure was taken from a measuring cabinet containing the end of the working section. The Pitot tube was moved by means of a locating system with a micrometer screw. The instant at which the sensor touched the tube wall was established by reference to an electrical contact, using an ohmmeter. In measuring the hydraulic resistance the static pressure was selected by means of probes. The section in which the measurements were made amounted to 20 bore diameter; it was preceded by an inlet section 90 diameters long. In the air experiments the pressure drop was measured between the take-off point in the measuring chamber at the tube outlet and a static pressure probe placed in the working section. The probe constituted a tube with an external diameter of 1.8 mm and a wall thickness of 0.3 mm; the tip of the tube was sealed and rounded; at a distance of 10 mm from it four apertures 0.3 mm in diameter were drilled uniformly around a circle. In the water experiments we used two static pressure probes made of a tube 3 X 0.3 mm in diameter with six receiver apertures 0.3 mm in diameter. The static pressure sensors were placed at a distance from the tube wall equal to half its radius. The additional resistance due to the first sensor (counting along the path of the working medium) was determined in experiments with a; smooth tube by comparing the static pressure drops measured in the same section of a tube 20 diameters long by wall sampling in the presence and absence of the sensors, respectively. The resistance coefficients of the sensors were independent of the Re number. The pressure loss due to the sensor was approximately 7% of the measured pressure in a smooth tube at Re = 106 (this proportion naturally diminished with de- creasing Re number). As flow meter in the air test-bed we used a nozzle placed at the entrance into the working section. The nozzle was calibrated by integration of the velocity profiles measured at the exit cross section of the smooth tube. For small flow rates corresponding to Re numbers of under 2 ? 104 the flow-meter nozzle was calibrated by reference to the velocity profile measured in an auxiliary nozzle placed rat the outlet from the tube, creating a contraction of the flow equal to a multiple of 9. This increased the accuracy of flow rate measurement. In the experiments in the air test-bed we used flow-meter discs calibrated by a volumetric method. For determining the temperature of the working medium we used mercury thermom- eters with a scale division of 0.1?C. The local mean flow velocity was determined from the equation u=1'/ 2AP Pi where AP is the reading of the differential manometer; and 2 are the corrections for the compressibility and viscosity of the air. The density of the air was determined with due allowance for its humidity by using the equation of state for ideal gases. The correction for the compressibility of the air was calculated in the same way as in 1131. In order to calculate the correction for the viscosity we used the data provided in [14] in the form of the dependence of the coefficient 2 on the Re number calculated from the internal diameter, of the receiving aperture of the Pitot tube and the local velocity. 307 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 25 20 15 10 545 1,0 1,5 20 2,5 30 3/5 eg q Fig. 1. Velocity profiles in a smooth tube (5 = u/u* is the dimensionless velocity, where u* is the dynamic velocity; r) = yu*/v is the dimensionless distance from the wall, where v is the viscosity of the liquid). 2 a' ? 0 .? ? 0..1 ? .. ? Ci ti.4". V. .. , 4 Ls there is a spherical layer of average radius 1.0 at each point of which the thermal neutron density is independent of the source spectrum in the range 0.5-15 MeV. We consider the quantity N (r) (2) S N (r) r2 dr where N(r) = N'(r)?Ncd(r); N'(r) is the thermal neutron detector counting rate at point r in the moderator; and Ncd(r) is the counting rate due to epicadrnium neutrons and the background of accompanying radiation. ? Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of experimental arrangement. Translated from Atomnaya gnergiya, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 291-293, April, 1973. Original article sub- mitted November 10, 1971; revision submitted January 19, 1973. C 1973 Consultants Bureau, a division of Plenum Publishing Corporation, 227 West 17th Street, New York, N. Y. 10011. All rights reserved. This article cannot be reproduced for any purpose whatsoever without permission of the publisher. A copy of this article is available from the publisher for $15.00. 361 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 5 4 3 2 1 Po8 Ra Be PuBe Cadmium rUtawe4 82 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 2005cm Fig. 2. Normalized thermal neutron dis- tribution curves in graphite. 4 0 300 350 550 re. Fig. 3. Determination of the age and mean energy of neutrons from various sources: 0, fb) data obtained at FIAN and VNIIM re- spectively. 1 PO-firid a r-31 MOON r=4,3 , r=47 ? r=51 ..... _......--1 ral . .Ra-a7,5?,AT u-a c-a-Be -Be ... .-- ...,--" P0-8 ...-- 400 450 500 TABLE 1. Measured Values of Slowing Down Assuming that the thermal neutron counting efficiency is Length independent of r we find b(r) = kp(r), where k = const. It follows from (2) that S bi(r)r2dr = 1, where the subscript i indicates that the curve b1(r) is obtained for a source which yields a flux Qi of neutrons of energy E. It should be noted that b(r) is independent of the prop- erties of the detector and the counting equipment. Figure 2 shows the experimental results for the sources T(d, n) He4, Pu?Be(a, n), Ra?Be(a, n), Po?B( a , n), and a ther- mal source (Cd). They show that in graphite the region of constant sensitivity is at a distance of 0.82 m; i.e., the results agree with the theory. The same result was obtained with Po?Be(a, n), Ac?Be(a, n) sources and with a spontaneous Pu240 source. However, the sensitivity for a Ra?Be(y, n) source was approximately 4.8% lower, and that for the thermal (Cd) source about 13% lower. Neutron source Ls, Cm Ei, MeV T (d, n) He4 22,70 14,1 Pu ?Be (a, n) 20,54 4,5 Ti) 20,22 4,6 Pa ?Be (a, n) 19,91 3,6 Po ?B (a, n) 19,11 2,8 T (d, n) He4 [6] 22,78 14,1 If a spherically symmetric source of thermal neutrons is placed in a cavity in a moderator the density distribution is given by p (r)? QT 4nL2 (1+1) A thermal neutron source was obtained by placing a cadmium sphere in a cavity in the graphite sphere and a fast neutron source at its center. A series of accurate measurements showed that the diffusion length L = 0.520 +0.002 m. _r?ai (3) The fact that the functions pi(r) and b1(r) can differ only by a multiplicative constant permits the de- termination of the neutron age Toi by a comparison of these curves provided that at the point ro where the spectral sensitivity is constant pi(ro) bi(ro). They must agree at all values of r if the correct values of Toi and L are used in the calculation. Since the relation p = p (r, To, L) cannot be expressed in terms of elementary functions with a factor To, the age was determined by a trial and error minimizing of the dispersion of the equation obtained. In the 0.3-0.6 m region where the function p(r, To, L) is most sensitive to a change in To the experi- mental and calculated values of the density of thermal neutrons from the T(d, n)He4 reaction agree within 0.2-0.4%. 362 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 In determining the age by the method proposed the error 6T0 depends on the errors of the experimen- tally determined quantities N(r) p (r) and L. If it is assumed that the dispersion D(L) = 0 the dispersion D(T0), is found from the relation p(r) = f(To) I L = const? Then we obtain D(p) = tan2aD(T0) (Fig. 3). The average value of l/tana RD' 2.108, and the mean square error S(p) :5_ 10-8. In addition it can be assumed that Sp = k6T0IL =Const =I6LITo=const, e., 6T0 = 6L for D(p) = 0. Thus the maximum error in determining the age is 6T0 = Sp + 6L 0.8%. Table 1 lists the measured values of L = /To in graphite with a diffusion length of 0.520 m for neutrons , emitted by various sources; the average energies are taken from [3-51. It is easy to see that the ages of neutrons from .the reacticn T(d, n)He4 determined by a pulsed method [61 (error ?2%) and by our method (error 0.8%) agree. This indicates that there are no significant sys- tematic errors in these measurements. Figure 3 shows the relation ln Ei = f(T0i) which should be a straight line according to 'Marshak's theory for 2 MeV < Ei < 5 MeV. If it is assumed that the mean energies of the neutrons from Po?B, Ra?Be, and Pu?Be sources have been determined correctly, the mean energy of neutrons from an Ac?Be source, measured by the method of nuclear recoil, is an overestimate; it should be taken as 4.1 MeV. A similar conclusion was drawn in [71 where the fraction of neutrons with energies below 1 MeV in the spectrum of an Ac?Be source was determined. LITERATURE CITED 1. V. T. Shchebolev, Trudy Metrologicheskikh Institutov SSSR, 89 (149), 133 (1967). 2. P. Wallace, Nucleonics, 4, No. 2 (1949). 3. J. De Pangher, J. Nucl. 1-nstrum. and Methods, 5, 61 (1959). 4. K. Yeiger and J. Jarvis, Canad. J. Phys., 40, 3-3 (1962). 5. 0. Runnals and R. Boucher, ibid., 34, 949 (1956). 6. Z. Dlougly, Atomnaya Energiya, 9, 182 (1960). 7. B. N. Krylov and V. I. Fominykh?, Trudy Metrologicheskikh Institutov SSSR, 124 (184), 198 (1970). 363 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 A PROCEDURE FOR COMPARING VARIOUS ATOMIC ELECTRIC POWER PLANT SYSTEMS G. P. Verkhivker UDC 621.039.553.34 Comparing various thermal systems of atomic electric power plants (AEP) is much more compli- cated than comparing systems of thermal electric power plants (TEP) operating on fossil fuels. A change in efficiency at constant electric power leads to a change in thermal power, and consequently to changes in the capital investments in the reactor and the fuel component, determined not only by the thermal but also by the neutron-physical design. The comparison of different versions is simplified by assuming that the thermal power of the reactor is constant. Then the cost of the reactor and the fuel component remains unchanged for all versions of one kind of reactor; the change in electric power is compensated by the electric power output of a replacement plant which operates on fuel, closing the power balance in the eco- nomic region under consideration. This is particularly true of reactor-multipliers which combine the generation of electric power with the production of secondary fuel, proportional to the neutron flux and consequently also to the thermal power. Since making secondary fuel is very important for the development of nuclear power, it seems that the thermal power of reactor-multipliers of a given type should be chosen as large as possible, and an AEP should operate in the base load band of the load curve [1]. With such an arrangement the popular notion that fast reactor power plants have a low efficiency when the fuel component is small turns out to be wrong. A change in efficiency will not lead to a decrease in the amount of nuclear fuel consumed by a par- ticular atomic power plant, but to a saving in the fuel inventory, which is known to be the most expensive for a given economic region. To derive analytic relations determining the effectiveness of various changes in an AEP we use the idea of a "basic version" proposed by Yu. D. Arseniev [21. We denote the efficiency of the basic version by 77* and the capital investment by K*; the efficiency and cost of any other comparable AEP are vi and (1) where A is the difference between the investment in the installation and that in the basic version; A can be positive or negative. The total investment in the power system (p.s.) for the variant as compared with the basic version is found from the expression KKi+QT (T1* p. rep (2) The cost of the fuel consumed per year at the replacement plant is given by _Pr Or (3) cr, lrepQPH Krep is the specific capital investment in replacement power; QT is the thermal power of the AEP, 7/rep is the efficiency of the replacement plant; CT is the cost per ton of the fuel inventory; Qp is the heating power of this fuel; and T is the number of hours of use of the installed power per year. Knowing the in- vestment in the versions being compared and the cost of the fuel consumed, it is easy to determine the esti- mated cost of each version. To determine the economic efficiency of a change in the installation in comparison with the basic ver- sion we use the concept of fixed charges for electric power. Then the variable part of the estimated cost of a given variant is Translated from Atomnaya tnergiya, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 293-295, April, 1973. Original article submitted July 10, 1972. 364 O 1973 Consultants Bureau, a division of Plenum Publishing Corporation, 227 West 17th Street, New York, N. Y. 10011. All rights reserved. This article cannot be reproduced for any purpose whatsoever without permission of the publisher. A copy of this article is available from the publisher for $15.00. Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 ,AEP Cvar, +aAEPICi+'pers,i+ QT (1* 115feix and the variable part of the estimated cost of the basic version is Cvu'ar PK*+ aAEPK*-Pupers ? Here cpL gives the fixed charges for electric power; p is the standard efficiency of capital investment; and aAEp is the total rate of amortization of deductions, expenditures for current maintenance, and other expenses for the AEP; CAEP and CAEP are the yearly salaries for the AEP personnel for the basic ver- pers pers,i sion and the variant, respectively, determined by the number on the staff NAEP, the average yearly salary AEP of an AEP worker Csai , and the installed power of the AEP QTri* and Qvi. The variant will have the same economic effect as the basic version if Cvar, i = gar. we find after some simple transformations of (6) (4) (5) EP AEP Assuming CpersA =, 'pers, Tfi,ct A ? P a AEP The changes in the installation will be economically expedient if for >n* the extra cost does not exceed A, or if ni < n* the decrease in capital investments is larger in absolute magnitude than A found from Eq. (7). The economic efficiency of a given change in the system is Or EC v*a r ?Cvar ? 100% C. QT 1*) t?(Prix ? (p?ap) E= 100%, C. (6) (7) (8a) (8) where C* is the total estimated cost of the basic version of the system. In more exact calculations the time for construction and shake down of the plant or unit before putting it into normal operation must be taken into account. Equation (8) then takes a somewhat more expanded form. Thus, for example, let us assume that the first unit of the AEP must be built in two years. In the first year ni is included for the cost of construction, and in the second year n2; then in the third year, the year of shake down, the number of hours of use of installed power is T3, and in the fourth year under nor- mal operation T4. We use the general formula for determining the estimated cost: Te Kt UN C = P (1 +Pre)t-i + ,1+ predr_1 rubles/yr. t=1 where p is the standard efficiency of capital investment; Pred is the coefficient for reducing the costs in time (henceforth we assume pPred = 0.12); Tc is the construction period; Kt is the capital investment in year t in rubles/yr; t is the number of years from the start of construction; and UN denotes the operat- ing expenses in a year of normal operation. Then the economic effect, reduced to the year construction began, from a further capital investment A changing the efficiency of the AEP from n* to j is 100 1n2 1 (9) i+p (1+0 ' E =r 1QT (li ?Tr') (Pfeix [OH-Ts/3)2+ (1 T4+p)] A [P (ni+ \ +aAEP (1 + p)2 + 1 ) ]} Equations (7)-(9) enable us to determine the expediency of various changes in the thermal part of the system, such as the introduction of additional heaters, changing the temperature drives, etc., without performing complete design studies of the AEP. Only the change in the capital investment A and the effi- ciency of the installation need be estimated, and ordinarily this is not difficult to do. As an example let us assume that the thermal power of a reactor is 2500 MW, n* = 0.35, C* = 68- 106 rubles, T = 7000 h/yr, aAEp = 0.0966, A = 0.2 ? 106 rubles, i = 0.351, and cpPix = 1.2 kopecks/kWh. Then ? from (8) the economic effect is about 1%. However, an increase in the capital investment to 3.2.106 rubles for the same change in efficiency gives no saving in estimated cost. It should be noted that this procedure can be used only when the changes in the installation do not lead to a change in the conversion ratio or the cost of nuclear fuel, and involve admissible values of the parameters. 365 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Thus the change in efficiency of an AEP operating in the base load band of the load curve leads to a change in the cost of replacement power and fuel inventory. In view of this the problem of increasing the efficiency of an AEP is no less important than the problem of increasing the efficiency of a TEP. The procedure presented permits a very simple estimate of the expediency of various changes from the basic version of a system and an AEP of a given type. LITERATURE CITED 1. N. A. Dollezhal! and Yu. I. Koryakin, "Some problems of operating atomic eleatric plants in power systems," Atomnaya Energiya, 25, 387 (1968). ? 2. Yu. D. ArsenieV, Similarity Theory in Engineering Economics Calculations [in Russian], Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow (1971). 366 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 COST OF IRRADIATION IN A RESEARCH REACTOR A. S. Kochenov and P. Gitsesku UDC 621.039.5.55 The great power of modern research reactors leads to a considerable nuclear fuel consumption. This explains the attention now being paid to the optimization of research reactor parameters [1-5]. The con- cept of the "productivity of a research reactor" was introduced in [4], this being defined as the quantity of usefully absorbed "excess" neutrons ("excess" with respect to a chain reaction). The concept of the "effi- ciency of a research reactor," or the proportion of usefully absorbed neutrons, was introduced in [5]. Naturally the cost of investigations will be lower, the more excess neutrons are used. However, in determining the cost of irradiating samples, allowance must be made, not only for the quantitative aspect (the number of absorbed neutrons), but also for the qualitative (the level of neutron flux, the level of back- ground radiation, etc.). In certain reactors the thermal neutron fluxes in different experimental channels differ by more than an order of magnitude from each other. If, in this case, we define the fuel constituent of the cost of the neutrons employed solely in accordance with the number of absorbed neutrons, the cost of irradiating the samples in an experimental channel with a large flux may be several times lower than this, because of the overestimated cost of irradiation in the channels with the low flux. It is not hard to convince oneself that the cost of the neutrons employed depends on the magnitude of the flux. By way of example, let us consider the thermal neutron flux in the active zone. Let us suppose that, in the absence of experimental samples from the reactor, the mean depth of burnup of the discharged fuel equals Bo, the neutron breeding factor in an infinite medium equals ko, and the mean thermal neutron flux in the active zone for a power Q0 equals (Do (4. being the mean neutron flux in the presence of the sample). On loading the experimental samples into the active zone the reactivity usually diminishes. In order to preserve the critical state, we may either reduce the depth of burnup, leaving the volume of the active zone intact, or reduce the volume of the active zone, without changing the burnup (of course we may also change both parameters at the same time). Let us consider the case in which only the critical volume changes on loading the samples (the reactor power remaining constant). The productivity of the reactor with respect to excess neutrons per unit time equals 45 1O0/00 Fig. 1. Dependence of the fuel compo- nent of the cost of the neutrons on the neutron flux. !co-1 Qo R0= vf ko E f where vf is the number of secondary neutrons per fission; (1) Ef is the energy per fission. However, in carrying out experiments we use only some of the excess neutrons, a fraction eRo (here = (R0?R)/R0 = 1? (k-1)/(14-1) ? ko/k; R and k are the corresponding parameters when samples occur in the active zone). It is well known that the fuel expenses go are propor- tional to the power and inversely proportional to the depth of burnup: Translated from Atomnaya nergiya, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 295-296, April, 1973. Original article sub- mitted August 22, 1972. ? 1973 Consultants Bureau, a division of Plenum Publishing Corporation, 227 West 17th Street, New York, N. Y. 10011. All rights reserved. This article cannot be reproduced for any purpose whatsoever without permission of the publisher. A copy of this article is available from the publisher for $15.00. 367 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Qo go Bo (2) whence the fuel component of the cost of the neutrons Cf (in high-flux reactors this is the main component) referred to a single used neutron is given by Cf go I ? . ko eR0 Bo ko ?1 k ? 1 ko 1 k0 ?I k If the influence of the experimental samples on the neutron migration length is negligibly small and the effective increment much smaller than the radius of the active zone, we have 11:1 k ? 1 \3/2 (1)0 ko?i ) ? Using Eq. (4), we may rewrite Eq. (3) thus ko [1+ ko (ID/00)2/3 Cf Bo k0-1 1? orwmo)2/3 -1 ? (3) (4) (5) The dependence of cf on 43/c1)0 is shown in Fig. 1 for various ko. It follows from this that, as the flux in- creases, so does the fuel component of the neutron cost. For 43/(130 ; 370 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 gtn(k t) = a (i 4 k)/atn(k); (k k ? 1) = (k ? 1) / (k); eel (k k) ei (k))1(ni (k), where r is the boundary for inelastic collisions. In the subgroup treatment [2], the same functions be- come: crtn (1E k)= cj (k) WEIL; aei k)= ((lief): aiEh (1_ Eh \ cri eh-taiEh -1 Eh-t \ WO. Ault r Auh-i I ' 41(1 E k E k ?1) = (fief 11-1 ajek -1Eh-taiek Math-la:1 (1 E k); ill E k ek) = ajefhajEh (i_.) Eh ",zek,,+ 17 e AUlt (1E E 0= ain (1-4.10010/otn (k). On the basis of the proposed algorithm, the distribution of activation over a sodium indicator foil 0.68 cm thick and placed in a homogeneous medium consisting of a mixture of nuclei U238, Pu238, oxygen, and carbon (in the ratios 1:0.071:2.08:0.73) was calculated on an M-220 computer. It was assumed that flux depression near the indicator would have no effect on the distribution of fission events in the medium. The calculations were performed on the basis of constants cited in [3], in which groups 12-14 were broken down further into nine subgroups in order to facilitate a detailed description of the sodium resonance. The results obtained appear in Fig. 1. The effect of resonant self-screening is clearly in evidence. The acti- vation density at the center of the indicator is 1.59 times lower, and on the surface 1.44 times lower, than the activation density in an infinitely thin specimen. The activation density is seriously affected by mod- eration of neutrons traversing the sodium. The author takes this opportunity to express his heartfelt thanks to M. N. Nikolaev for the formulation of the problem, and for the kind assistance rendered in solving it, and also M. Yu. Orlov for invaluable dis- cussions and counsel. LITERATURE CITED 1. B. Eriksson et al., Nucl. Sci. and Engng., 37, 410 (1969). 2. M. N. Nikolaev et al., At. Energ., 29, 11 (1970); 30, 426 (1971). 3. L. P. Abagyan et al., Group Constants for Nuclear Reactor Calculations [in Russian], Atomizdat, Moscow (1964). 371 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 ENERGY DISTRIBUTION OVER THE CROSS SECTION OF THE TRACK OF CHARGED PARTICLES HAVING THE SAME LINEAR ENERGY TRANSFER I. K. Kalugina, I. B. Keirim-Markus, UDC 539.12.08 A. K. Savinskii, and I. V. Filyushkin In [Uwe obtained the distribution of the energy transmitted to the medium in the radial cross section of the track of heavy charged particles. The data were represented in the form of a universal function of the maximal energy of (5 electrons Eomax and the distance r from the axis of the track expressed in frac- tions of the maximal length of the path of 6 electrons Rmax = f(Eomax). Figure 1 shows the radial distribution, calculated according to the indicated function, of the energy over the cross section of the tracks of three particles having the same linear energy transfer in water D(r), rad t. a D( r), rad 108 10 10 10 io4 p(60keV) p (>40 keV) p (4, 5 MeV) / 2 3 1057777A t I I Lt 10,50,,,, ,,,,,,e,,,,,,,Te,,,, _A I 0 1 . 2 5 4 5 r,nm 0 20 40 60 BO 100 I; nrn Fig. 1. Radial energy distribution over the cross section of tracks of protons with energy 60 and 140 keV and y particles with energy 4.5 MeV having the same linear energytransfer in water (Lc? = 90 keV/.t). For claritytwo different scales are given in the figure (a and b). Translated from Atomnaya Energiya, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 298-299, April, 1973. Original article sub- mitted September 27, 1972. 372 C /972 Consultants Bureau, a division of Plenum Publishing Corporation, 227 West 17th Street, New York, N. Y. 10011. All rights reserved. This article cannot be reproduced for any purpose whatsoever without permission of the publisher. A copy of this article is available from the publisher for $15.00. Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Loo = 90 keV/pt: protons with energies 60 and 140 keV and a particles with energy 4.5 MeV. In Fig. 1 we give dimensions of typical biological structures: the radius of a nitrous base or a nucleotide of DNA (1); the radius of a small virus (2); and the radius of a large virus (3). It is known that the biological effect of radiation is related to L.0, it being assumed that charged par- ticles with the same Lez, also have the same radiobiological effectiveness. On this basis the coefficient of quality of radiation OF that is used in radiation safety is unambiguously related to Leo [21. As is seen from Fig. 1, the radial distribution of energy in the tracks of the three forms of particles with the same L varies considerably. Near the axis of the track of the protons the absorbed dose is so large that a large fraction of the atoms are ionized at a distance 2-5 A, corresponding to the radius of a nitrogen base or a nucleotide of DNA. The transmission of a particles can cause the ionization of isolated atoms of the nucleotide. A similar effect will appear also with respect to other low-molecular groups of cells. With passage of charged particles through a small virus we can expect a local action of protons on part of the virus, while an a particle generates a comparatively uniform radiation. On comparatively large viruses, the action of a particles will be local, just as it is for protons. Thus the calculations verify that L.. cannot sufficiently completely characterize the features of bio- logical action of various forms of radiation. LITERATURE CITED 1. I. K. Kalugina et al., Radiobiologiya, No. 4 (1973). 2. Norms of Radiation Safety (NRB-69) [in Russian], Atomizdat, Moscow (1971). 373 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 CHANGE IN OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE FILM IRRADIATED WITH 25-150 keV PROTONS S. P. Kapchigashev,,V. P. Kovalev, UDC 541.15:539.125.4.02 V. A. Sokolov, and E. S. Barkhatov Convenient dosimetric methods are needed for use with low-energy heavy charged particles in radia- tion chemistry and radiobiology. One such method is based on the use of thin organic films whose optical properties are affected by ionizing radiation. In addition these films have dosimetric characteristics (ef- fective atomic number, electron density, mean excitation potential) similar to those of many media of interest in radiation chemistry and radiobiology [1]. We have investigated the characteristics of polyethylene terephthalate (PETPH) film 9.5 ? thick (with- out plasticizer) having a density of 1.4 g/cm3. The film thickness was monitored in all experiments by the measurement of a-spectra. PETPH is a linear polyester formed by the condensation of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid [2]; (? ? CH2? CH2? 0?CO ?C6H4-- co )n? 0 300 350 400 .450 Fig. 1 nm 3. 4 5 6 Dose ? 1014, protons/cm2 sec Fig. 2 Fig. 1. Change in the absorption spectrum of PETPH for various energies of the incident particles. Protons: 1) 100 keV; 2) 50 keV. Mixed beam: 3) 10 keV; 4) unirradiated film (control). Fig. 2. AS as a function of the radiation dose. Protons: 1) 150 keV; 2) 100 keV; 3) 75 keV; 4) 50 keV; 5) 25 keV. Mixed beam: 6) 50 keV; 7) 25 keV; 8) 10 keV. Translated from Atomnaya Energiya, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 299-300, April, 1973. Original article sub- mitted October 2, 1972. 374 ? 1973 Consultants Bureau, a division of Plenum Publishing Corporation, 227 West 17th Street, New York, N. Y. 10011. All rights reserved. This article cannot be reproduced for any purpose whatsoever without permission of the publisher. A copy of this article is available from the publisher for $15.00. Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Radiation damage results mainly in the breaking of the ester groups and intermolecular cross linking The dosimetric characteristics of PETPH were investigated by irradiating films with 25-150 keV protons. The protons were obtained from a modified NG-160 neutron generator. The protons could be separated from the heavier ions in the beam, H, H+3, and ions of impurity gases, by a magnetic separator at the generator exit. The uniformity of the proton current over the cross section of the beam was moni- tored by the method of interchangeable diaphragms and also by the uniformity of the optical absorption of films placed in various parts of the radiation field. The change in the optical absorption of PETPH films characterizes the extent of the radiation damage (Fig. 1). The measurements were made with a wavelength of 320 m# corresponding to the flat part of the absorption spectrum. The optical measurements were made with USV-1 (German) and SP-700 (British) spectrophotometers. Figure 2 shows the change AS in optical density of PETPH films as a function of the radiation dose in the 25-150 keV energy range. Each curve is plotted from the results of from three to five series of irradiations. The maximum error in determining the dose does not exceed 10%. The dashed curves show similar relations for a nonseparated ion beam. In the energy range investigated the proton ranges are significantly less than the film thickness and therefore the change AS is uniquely determined by the product of the number of protons and their energy. To use the film as a dosimeter it is necessary to plot calibra- tion curves or to use the linear initial parts of the curves (up to 1014 protons/cm2) as proposed in [4]. The effect was independent of the dose rate in the range 1.5 ? 1011-1.5 ? 1012 protons/cm2 ? sec. It was established that irradiated films stored in darkness at room temperature for two months did not fade. LITERATURE CITED 1. A. M. Kabakchi, Ya. I. Lavrentovich, and V. V. Pen'kovskii, Chemical Dosimetry of Ionizing Radiations [in Russian], Izd-vo AN USSR, Kiev (1963), p. 151. 2. A. Charlesby, Atomic Radiation and Polymers, Pergamon Press, New York (1960). 3. R. Bolt and T. Carrol (editors), Radiation Effects on Organic Materials, Academic Press, New York?London (1963), p. 164. 4. J. Boag et al., Radiation Res., 9, 589 (1958). 375 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CURRENT FORMATION IN DIRECT-CHARGE DETECTORS WITH A RHODIUM EMITTER V. I. Mitin, V. F. Shikalov, UDC 539.1.074.8 and S. A. Tsimbalov A study of the properties of direct-charge detectors [1-3] has shown that these instruments may suc- cessfully be used as neutron flux monitors when constructing systems of intrareactor control. However, increasing demands as to measuring accuracy, rapidity of action, and other parameters have necessitated a more detailed investigation into the mechanism of current formation in direct-charge detectors under the conditions of reactor irradiation. The aim of the present investigation is to study the influence of reactor 'y-radiation on the readings of a direct-charge detector and to refine the kinetic parameters of detectors with rhodium emitters. For this purpose we used DPZ-1P detectors with rhodium emitters made in the All-Union Scientific- Research Institute of Current Sources. The length of the detectors was 50 and 100 mm, the diameter of the emitter was 0.8 mm. The measurements were carried out in the displacer of the working channel of the MR reactor of the I. V. Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy [4]. A dry measuring channel of internal diameter 6 mm was placed in the displacer. The external diameter of the detectors with their stainless steel sheath was 4 mm. This construction enabled the detector to be moved rapidly over the height of the active zone. For recording the currents of the direct-charge detector we used a measuring system consisting of semiconducting electrometric amplifiers of the PEMU-3 type, a K-107 loop oscillograph, and a KSP-4 Fig. 1 Fig. 1. Current of the direct-charge detector and background current ducing the detector into the active zone (oscillogram). Fig. 2. Direct-charge detector current after rapid withdrawal from the active zone. I, rel. units f00 10 Ty4 4 M,M 150 .300 450 Fig. 2 600 750 t, sec on intro- Translated from Atomnaya Energiya, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 301-303, April, 1973. Original article sub- mitted June 12, 1972. 376 C 1973 Consultants Bureau, a division of Plenum Publishing Corporation, 227 West 17th Street, New York, N. Y. 10011. All rights reserved. This article cannot be reproduced for any purpose whatsoever without permission of the publisher. A copy of this article is available from the publisher for $15.00. Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 rel. units 0,5 0,5 42 Fuel A A 0 -2,2 -18 -14 -10 -6 -2 2 6 10 14 18 22 16 hrun Fig. 3. Result of measurements at the active-zone/reflector boundary: 0) current of the KNT-11 y-chamber; 0) activation of the copper wire; A) current of the direct-charge detector (the instantaneous component coincides with the statistical measure- ment). automatic-recording potentiometer. The detectors were coupled to the, measuring system (16 m long) with a double-screen AVKE-1 cable. Before starting the measurements the direct-charge detectors were placed in the channel at a dis- tance of 50 cm above the upper edge of the active zone. When the start signal was given, the detector was let down in approximately 0.2 sec to a specific point in the. active zone, held there for around 4 sec, then rapidly restored to its original position. The corresponding recordings of the detector current and the background current Ib are given in Fig. 1 (I is the current of the emitter and coupling line). Dynamic Characteristics of the Direct-Charge Detector. The time dependence of the direct-charge detector current determined by the activation and 3-decay of rhodium is described by the system of equa- tions: I (t)=16.iN 1(0; dNi(t) - k5N 1(0 2N2X (t) GINO (1); dt dN 2(t) - ?2N2 (t)cr2NO (t), dt (1) where X1 and X2 are decay constants; Ni(t) and N2(t) are the number of nuclei; at and o-2 are the cross sec- tions of formation of the isotopes for Rh104 and Rhlum, respectively; N is the number of Rhi?3 nuclei; and 1.(t) is the neutron flux. By solving the system of equations in Eq. (1) we find that, when the detector is instantaneously with- drawn from the active zone after previously being held in a neutron flux until saturation has been achieved with respect to both isotopes Rhi" and Rhn4m, the time dependence of the current will take the form I(S)_?k [(a2+02) PADe+?J?X 02MD X2 while on instantaneously introducing the detector into a steady-state neutron flux with zero initial conditions it obeys / (t)= k 1(02+02) NO (1? 43-44t) ? ?h 02Nat (e-X25-- e- it)] . z Figure 2 illustrates the changes taking place in the detector current on rapid withdrawal from the active zone and fairly prolonged cooling. From the recordings-of the transient processes (Figs. 1 and 2) we see that the detector current con- sists of instantaneous and retarded components, the time dependence of the latter component agreeing with the foregoing relationships. Repeated measurements at various points of the active zone with a small y background showed that the instantaneous component equalled (7.3 ? 0.5)% of the total detector current. 377 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Instantaneous Component of the Direct-Charge Detector Current in the Presence of a Rhodium Emit- ter. We devoted particular attention to determining the nature of the instantaneous current component in view of the fact that the literature contained insufficient information regarding this phenomenon. The phe- nomenon was explained in [2] by the "ejection of electrons from the emitter on account of the capture of 'y-radiation in the silver" and in [3] by the effect of the reactor 'y-radiation on the emitter material. We ourselves considered it more likely that the instantaneous current from the direct-charge detec- tor with the rhodium emitter involved two processes. Firstly, the first stage in the reaction ,RhiCam R11103(ny) 1:th1194 in which the transition of the compound nucleus Rh103 + n into the state Rh104 or Rh94m was accompanied by the emission of y-quanta and conversion electrons of different energies [5]. The conversion electrons and also the electrons leaving the emitter as a result of interaction with the y-quanta of the transition (Compton effect, photoeffect) create an instantaneous component of the detector current. Secondly, the y-quanta of the fission reaction and the capture radiation of the materials surrounding the detector, interacting with the detector materials, create an instantaneous flux of charged particles which make their own contribu- tion to the detector current. In order to discover which of the two mechanisms had the greater effect on the formation of the instantaneous component, we carried out a special experiment. Keeping the state of the reactor active zone constant, we measured the distribution of the thermal neutron flux and the intensity of the y-radiation over the height of the channel. The thermal neutron flux distribution was determined from the activation of a copper wire, and the intensity of the y-radiation with a KNT-11 y-chamber without any covering, the sensitive part being 50 mm high and 4 mm in diameter. Then we measured the current distribution of the rhodium detector over the height of the channel. The de- tector was held at the points of measurement for at least 15 min. At these same points we determined the instantaneous component of the detector current by withdrawing it sharply, and at the same time estab- lished the value of the background current. The results of the measurements are shown in Fig. 3. Par- ticularly indicative are the results of the measurements in the region of the upper reflector, since here we have a sharp difference between the current of the 'y-chamber and the activity of the copper wire. This is to be expected, since at the fuel/reflector boundary the flux of thermal neutrons increases on the reflector side while the intensity of the 'y-radiation diminishes. The distribution of the saturation current of the de- tector with respect to height agrees closely with the distribution of the activity of the copper wire. A slight discrepancy in the region of the reflector and above may be explained by the different spectral sensitivity of copper and rhodium, the neutron spectrum becoming softer at this point of the reactor. Since the distri- bution of the instantaneous component of the detector current coincided with the distribution of the satura- tion current of the detector to within 1% (or better) at each measuring point, we may confidently assert that Rhium the first stage of the reaction Rh103(ny) plays the main part in creating the instantaneous compo- NRIii?4 nent of the rhodium detector current. The contribution of 'y-radiation to the creation of this component is insignificant. Thus at all measuring points the distribution of the instantaneous component of the detector current is proportional to the distribution of the saturation current of the detector, with an error of no greater than 1%. This indicates that the instantaneous or prompt component has a neutron origin, since in the region of the reflector, at which the neutron and y-radiation fluxes have different distributions, the distribution of the instantaneous component is proportional to the neutron distribution and not the distribution of y-radia- tion. In addition to this, allowing for the fact that the coefficient of proportionality between the instan- taneous component and the detector saturation current remains constant to within an error of ?1%, we may conclude that the contribution of the y-radiation to the detector current is negligible. We may thus consider that the detector current is due, on the one hand, to the 0-particles of Rhim formed as a result of the reaction Rh103(ny)Rh104 and as a result of the 'y-transition of Rhium into Rhim. This component (which may be called the activation component) produces 92.7% of the direct-charge de- tector current. On the other hand, the electrons formed in the first ("instantaneous") stage of the capture of neutrons by rhodium make their own contribution to the current. The proportion of the instantaneous component relative to the whole detector current equals ?7.3%. 378 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 ' In conclusion, the authors are pleased to thank L. I. Firsov and V. V. Semak for help in preparing for and effecting the measurements, and also A. A. Voronin and E. N. Babulevich for constant cooperation and interest in the work. LITERATURE CITED 1. N. D. Rozenblyum et al., At. Energ., 10, 72 (1961). 2. I. Ya. Emellyanov et al., ibid., 27, 230 (1969). 3. I. Hilborn, Nucleonics, 22, No. 2, 69 (1964). 4. V. V. Goncharov et al.,_ Third Geneva Conference (1971), Paper 323 (USSR). 5. G. A. Bartholomew et al., Collection of Measurements of Gamma Radiation Arising from the Capture of Thermal Neutrons, Part I (Z = 46) [Russian translation], Atomizdat, Moscow (1969). 379 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 INFORMATION: CONFERENCES AND MEETINGS THIRD ALL-UNION CONFERENCE ON CHARGED-PARTICLE ACCELERATORS L. N. Sosenskii In the beginning of October, 1972, in Moscow there took place the Third'All-Union Conference on Charged-Particle Accelerators, attended by about 600 scientists and engineers from Soviet and foreign research institutions. The work of the conference concentrated on the following basic areas: 1) high-energy and superhigh- energy accelerators; 2) colliding-beam apparatus; 3) meson factories; 4) use of superConductivity in ac- celerator technology; 5) computer control of accelerators; 6) new acceleration methods; 7) increasing the power of existing accelerators; 8) acceleration of heavy ions; 9) use of accelerators in related areas of physics and in medicine. 1. A group of scientists from the Institute of High-Energy Physics (IHEP, Serpukhov), the Scien- tific-Research Institute for Electrophysical Apparatus (SRIEA, Leningrad), and the Radiotechnical Insti- tute (RTI) of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Moscow) proposed building an ?2 TeV accelerator-storage complex in which superconducting magnets would be used for the main proton?synchrotron ring and the IHEP accelerator with energy 76 GeV and beam intensity (after reconstruction) of ?1013 protons/pulse would be used as the injector. Such a complex could also accelerate electrons to energies up to ?40 GeV. Such a complex would make possible studies of colliding beams of various types: proton?proton, proton ?electron, and proton?antiproton. The IHEP accelerator operates successfully at an energy of 76 GeV. The principal recent accom- plishment of this accelerator was the introduction of a high-energy extraction system for the "Mirabel" liquid-hydrogen chamber, about which IHEP and CERN made a joint report. This system assures extrac- tion in the energy range 30-76 GeV with efficiency ?98%, the feasibility of triple extraction in each accel- erator cycle, high dimensional stability and hitting an external target with the beam. The introduction of the high-energy extraction system significantly increases the efficiency of the accelerator. Work on perfecting the 6 GeV Erevan electron synchrotron is continuing. The vacuum system of the accelerator has been reconstructed: the metal epoxy chamber has been replaced by a ceramic one, meta- lized inside with a molybdenum?manganese alloy; the beam extraction system has been modernized. There was no report at the conference on the start-up of the Batavia (USA) 200 GeV proton synchro- tron. Nevertheless, this fact was at the participants' center of attention, since it heralds a new outstand- ing step in the development of accelerator technology. CERN has begun construction of a several-hundred GeV proton synchrotron. The first stage for this accelerator (200 GeV) has been planned with a setup of omitted magnets, allowing significant increase in the energy in the future. Contracts have been let for the manufacture of ferrous magnet blocks. Two variants of the second stage have been considered: filling the entire ring with ferrous magnets (-400 GeV) and installing in the spaces superconducting magnets with fields of 4-5 tesla, not including the ferrous magnets (-500 GeV). The choice should be made by the end of 1973. The report by the specialists from the Stanford accelerator center considered a new proposal for reconstructing the 25 GeV linear electron accelerator. The administration of the center rejected a plan for remaking the accelerator into a superconducting one (increasing the energy to 100 GeV) and stopped studies on using superconductivity in rf systems. It consists of introducing the electrons accelerated in 380 Translated from Atomnaya Pnergiya, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 305-309, April, 1973. o 1973 Consultants Bureau, a division of Plenum Publishing Corporation, 227 West 17th Street, New York, N. Y. 10011. All rights reserved. This article cannot be reproduced for any purpose whatsoever without permission of the publisher. A copy of this article is available from the publisher for $15.00. Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 the existing machine into a closed recirculator, where they circulate 120 times in the interval between pulses of the rf field of the main accelerator; then, the electrons are injected into the main accelerator and are accelerated by the next pulse to ?45 GeV. The recirculator contains two incomplete rings of 95 m radius at the ends of the main accelerator. The rings are connected by two long linear sections located in a tunnel of the main accelerator above them. The overall length of the recirculator is ?6.9 km. The authors of the project expect to receive by the end of 1974 the necessary funds (18 million dollars) and be- gin realizing the project. 2. Many nuclear and accelerator scientific centers give primary attention to colliding-beam appara- tus. At the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, there is being constructed a new electron?positron ring VEPP-2M for maximal energy of 670 MeV, in which it is expected to achieve in the first stage a luminosity of the order of 5 ? 1030 cm-2 sec-1 at an energy of 500 MeV and beam currents of 40 A. Later, luminosity could be increased to ?1032 cm-2. sec-1. In July, 1972, electron capture in the synchrotron mode was achieved. On the VEPP-3 a system for controlling the beam dimension in a storage ring was studied. CERN has operated for more than two years proton storage rings with beam energy of 25 GeV, in which there was observed the unexpected effect of beam loss due to pressure increase in the vacuum chamber. To control this phenomenon, the vacuum chamber is now heated before it is pumped out at 300?C over 24 h (instead of 200?C over 5 h). Besides this, the pumping rate of the pumps will be increased to 800 liter/sec and their number increased to 500. The first measure alone increased the current at which the pressure rise begins from 4 to 10 A. There are assurances that the completion of the planned program will increase the current to the projected level of 20 A. Two electron?positron storage rings began operation in the USA in 1972: SPEAR at the Stanford accelerator center and the storage ring at the Cambridge Electron Accelerator. At Stanford, a luminosity of 2. 1030 cm-2- sec-1 ? the maximum obtained anywhere up to this time ? was obtained at an energy of 2.3 GeV (maximum energy 2.8 GeV). The program for developing SPEAR, providing for increasing the maximum energy to 4.5 GeV with luminosity 1032 cm-2 sec-1, for which a new rf system is necessary, should be completed by July, 1974. The reconstruction of the Cambridge electron synchrotron consisted of constructing magnetic bypass channels, including portions with small 3. The maximal obtained luminosity at an energy of 2 GeV (3 ? 1028 cm-2. sec-1) is still insufficient for the planned experiments, and work is now going on to increase it. Three projects for new storage rings were presented. A combined Stanford?Berkeley group pro- posed constructing a complex allowing proton?electron?positron colliding beams (PEP) with electron energy 15 GeV, proton energy 72 GeV, and luminosity ?1032 cm-2 ? sec-1. The electron?positron and proton rings are to be located in a single tunnel, one over the other. At Brookhaven National Laboratory (USA) the ISA project is being developed, which envisions the creation of two intersecting accelerator-storage units with superconducting magnets for proton?proton collisions at energy of 200 GeV. The protons are injected from a proton synchrotron at an energy of 30 GeV. After storage of currents of the order of 15 A, the protons are slowly accelerated to 200 GeV and then collide in special interaction regions with luminosity of the order of 1033 cm-2. sec-1. In the DESY laboratory (Federal Republic of Germany) there is being built an electron?positron storage ring DORIS for 3.5 GeV with injection from an existing electron synchrotron. The system con- sists of two rings, one above the other. The projected luminosity is ?1032-1033 cm-2 ? sec-1. 3. In the Soviet Union, RTI, AS USSR, and SRIEA have planned a meson factory for 600 MeV energy and 0.5 mA average proton current; the basis of the meson factory is a linear accelerator producing a proton beam with pulse duration 100 ?sec and off-duty factor 1%. Simultaneously with protons in the linear accelerator, 11- ions with average current of 50 ?A and polarized 11- ions are accelerated. At the exit of the linear accelerator is a storage ring-extender using overcharged injection of H- ions. Slow escape from the storage ring gives a continuous proton beam with a current of 50 ?A; fast es- cape gives short pulses. 381 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 The Nuclear Problems Laboratory of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) has for several years studied the possibility of using ring accelerators (isochronous 'cyclotrons and high-current phaso- trons) as meson factories. It has been shown that when Qz = 1.1-1.4 proton beams can be accelerated with currents exceeding 100 mA. A new method for beam extraction has been worked out, based on widening the closed orbit in a limited range of radii, while preserving the beam emittance. This method will allow achieving a beam spacing in the extraction zone of 5 cm/cycle with an emittance of ?1 cm ? rad. A project has been worked out for a phasotron with energy of 700 MeV and average current of 50 A. Construction of the phasotron should be completed in 1975. A large installation being constructed in Vancouver, Canada, is the TRIUMF meson factory based on a sector cyclotron weighing 4000 tons. The energy of the particles accelerated in the cyclotron can be varied smoothly from 160 to 520 MeV while one can extract simultaneously from the accelerator several beams with varying energies and off-duty factor 100%. The most intense extracted beam has a current of 100 ?A. Start-up of the accelerator is planned for 1974. A meson factory is being constructed by the Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research in Zurich with final energy of 590 MeV and current of 100 ?A. The first experiments with the beam are expected toward the end of 1973. 4. In recent years, interest has risen sharply in the uses of superconductivity in accelerator tech- nology. Workers from RTI and SRIEA gave reports on work in the field of superconductivity. At RTI, sys- tematic investigations of superconducting pulsed magnets have continued since 1969. In this time, solenoid and dipole magnet models have been constructed with maximum fields up to 6 tesla and cycle rise rates up to 4 tesla/sec. In the dipole magnet, a field uniformity of ?0.2% has been obtained. Presently, there are being constructed several superconducting dipoles with low parameter variation and also a dipole whose dimensions are close to natural. Superconducting solenoids have been studied at SRIEA. Methods have been worked out for impreg- nating the windings so that the conductors are stationary. In 1970, the Rutherford laboratory (Great Britain) and the scientific centers in Saclay (France) and Karlsruhe (FRG) created a commission (GESSS) to coordinate their efforts in creating pulsed supercon- ducting magnets and applying them to accelerators. Encouraging data have been obtained. The GESSS laboratories have produced a series of models for magnets for a superconducting synchrotron. The mag- nets were tested in thousands of cycles of pulsed operation and gave satisfactory results in both the re- quired field accuracy and reliability. The next stage will be the creation of magnets suitable for mass production and testing their accu- racy and reliability in millions of cycles. Since the problem of pulsed magnets is close to solution, main attention in the near future will be directed at the system for liquefying and distributing helium over an object several kilometers in extent. A no less important system, whose production entails significant difficulty, is the power-supply system with stored energy of ?500 MJ. The possible vacuum system variants for the ISA storage complex are being studied at the Brook- haven National Laboratory. A warm chamber is preferred, although use of a cold chamber could, in prin- ciple, lower the cost of the superconducting magnets through decreasing their aperture. At the Argonne National Laboratory (USA) a project has been devised for a superconducting storage ring with a constant field for use as a beam extender in a zero-gradient proton synchrotron. The ring will double the average intensity and increase the off-duty factor of the extracted beam by a factor of 5. It is located in the main synchrotron tunnel. At the Institute for Experimental Nuclear Physics in Karlsruhe (FRG) there has been constructed the first section with spiral retardation for a superconducting linear proton accelerator with projected energy 50 MeV and current 1 mA, which is a model for the projected superconducting accelerator with energy ?500 MeV. Superfluid helium at a temperature of 1.8?K is used for cooling. The first section operated stably for several hours at an intensity of 1.3 ?A with accelerating field 1.3 MV/m. 382 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 5. At the present time methods of computer control of accelerators are being incorporated into most working installations, and the computer is an important part of all accelerators being built and planned. At RTI, work is continuing on creating and perfecting methods for controlling closed orbits and for correcting multiple distortions of the magnetic field. With the participation of workers at IHEP, an ioniza- tion profilometer has been devised for measuring the transverse dimensions of the IHEP proton?synchro- tron beam with spatial resolution of ?1 mm. Presently, apparatus is being designed for introducing infor- mation from the profilometer into a computer. At the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP) a profilometer is also being devised for work under special conditions of the Institute's proton synchrotron at energies of 7 GeV, at which it is extremely difficult to screen the device from the stray field of the magnet. In 1970, the profilometer was tested experimentally on the accelerator and allowed measurement of the transverse dimensions of the beam with accuracy of 2 mm and time resolution of 50 ? ? sec. At the Institute for Nuclear Physics, Siberian Branch AS USSR, since May, 1971, a system for the VEPP-3 storage unit has been in use which controls the magnet, the storage mode, and the equilibrium orbit. The system is used also for measuring the beam parameters, controlling the pulse system, and analyzing complex situations. A Minsk-22 computer is being used. SRIEA has devised an automatic system of pulsed power supply of 95 drift tubes for the 38 MeV linear proton accelerator ? the booster injector for the IHEP proton synchrotron. The system provides for re- mote programed control of the apparatus from a central console, and also interrogation and control of the current amplitudes. Studies are continuing at the Erevan Physics Institute on a system for correcting the magnetic field of the electron synchrotron at high energies. This system decreased dynamic losses in the dipole and focusing magnets to ?10-4 using self-compensating circuits which equalize the fields in all elements of the magnetic system. The first complex system for controlling a large accelerator, planned as an integral part of the ac- celerator, has been introduced and used successfully: this is the control system of the meson factory in Los Alamos (USA). The entire start-up process of the meson factory (completed in June, 1972), from turn-on to the final adjustments, was accomplished with the help of the control system. The system has a modular structure: 8500 channels connected to sensors and control elements serve 64 modules which send information to the computer, which is located in the central control room, where there are two control panels. The system as a whole is organized around the computer, which works on-line, so that the meson factory can function only through the computer. With the help of this system, one can, in particular, find malfunctioning elements of the accelerator, and also diagnose the beam parameters and study its dynamics. In contrast to the Los Alamos meson factory, where a single relatively large computer is used, the projected control system of the 200 GeV CERN accelerator is maximally decentralized. The use of secon- dary minicomputers for solving simple control problems reduces the load on the central computer. The decentralization of the synchrotron control system is taken to its logical end by the fact that even the cen- tral computer is a complex of medium-size computers, each of which carries out a strictly limited volume of functions. Control of the closed orbit allows decrease of the vertical magnet aperture exceeding a fac- tor of 1.5. The correction algorithm for the closed orbit from information on the beam presumes two sources of orbital distortion: remanent fields and incorrect lens placement. The algorithm is a succes- sion of iterations in each of which correction is accomplished by special dipoles on the injection level and translation of the basic quadrupoles on the high-energy level. The latter is accomplished when the ac- celerator is turned off according to results of closed-orbit measurements at high energy. A complex control system is also being constructed at the TRIUMF meson factory, where six mini- computers combined into a single system are being used. 6. Reports about work on collective methods of acceleration show that in many laboratories in the USSR, USA, and FRG some successes have been achieved in the construction of such accelerators. How- ever, up to the present, the difficulties arising during attempts to achieve high proton energies with these methods have not been overcome. The idea of a linotron continues to attract the attention of physicists. 383 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 At SRIEA, the possibilities of using a linotron as a high-current accelerator are being studied. The limiting beam current at which the mode of acceleration with double recirculation is possible has been cal- culated. The idea for a new accelerator, called the driftotron, arose at RTI. The driftotron is a cyclic ac- celerator in which the particles are accelerated by the rf field during their motion (drift) along the spiral equilibrium orbit in the axially symmetric field, which builds up along the axis of symmetry. The rf field is created by the accelerating gaps and the magnetic field is produced by a nonferrous magnet. The recently organized interuniversity labc?ratory LIRF (Italy) devised a project for a 500 MeV lino- tron which should become the main accelerator at tn.L_ laboratory. 7. The problem of increasing the power of existing accelerators 'and the associated problem of high- efficiency extraction of intense beams from ring accelerators attracts, as previously, the close attention of specialists. At present, the problem of achieving intensities greater than 1013 protons/pulse confronts proton synchrotrons with energies of several tens of GeV. Great interest was given to reports of the proposed fundamental reconstruction of the IHEP proton synchrotron for an energy of 7 GeV. Three stages are planned: 1) reconstruction of the magnet system to create long linear gaps; 2) creation of high-efficiency, low-energy extraction with transport of the beam into a special "proton" building; 3) increasing the beam intensity to ?1013 protons/pulse by increasing the injection energy to 300-400 MeV. A detailed plan for the first stage has been worked out. As a preparation for the second stage, SRIEA and IHEP are studying measures to improve the mag- netic field, in particular, measures to lower the field-pulsation coefficient to 10-6/f and decrease the field instability to 10-4. Similar measures must be applied for extraction at low energy from the IHEP accelera- tor. Interesting studies of methods for decreasing the transverse beam instability in linear electron ac- celerators were conducted in 1969-1971 at the Physics Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. The basis of these studies was the devising and testing of an accelerating sector with a high critical current (theoretical value 3 A), at which a beam was obtained with a current of 700 mA in a pulse of 15 ?sec long at an energy of 15 MeV with no signs of the instability effect. Studies of the dependence of the critical current of a multisegment 2 GeV accelerator on various factors showed that significantly increas- ing the critical current (to 100 mA) can be accomplished only'through replacing the working sectors by sectors with a high critical current. At the High-Energy Laboratory of JINR a system was devised for resonance high-efficiency beam ex- traction from a synchrophasotron operating at a radial betatron oscillation frequency of 2/3. At the begin- ning of the summer of 1972, the beam was extracted from the accelerator chamber and introduced into the experimental building. The extraction efficiency is no less than 90%. At the Leningrad Institute for Nu- clear Physics there was devised an integrated system for low-energy extraction and single-cycle discharge of the beam onto an internal target. The efficiency of the low-energy extraction reaches 75%. Adjustment of the system for single-cycle extraction of the electron beam with energy 1.35 GeV from the VEPP-3 storage unit has begun at the Institute for Nuclear Physics, Siberian Branch, AS USSR. An important step in solving the problem of increasing intensity has been made at CERN, where ad- justment of the 800 MeV booster is being made very quickly. By the end of September, 1972, CERN achieved multicycle (15 revolutions) injection into the booster, acceleration to 800 MeV, and extraction of the beam from four rings with its subsequent reconstruction and introduction into the main synchrotron. At present, half of the projected intensity has been achieved at the 800 MeV level. 8. The most significant results in accelerating heavy ions have been achieved at the Bevatron (USA), where there is now a whole series of extracted beams of various ions in the energy range from 250 MeV /nucleon to 2.1 GeV/nucleon, with the following particle intensities in the pulse: 1012 for protons, 2 ? 1011 for deuterons, 2 ? 1010 for a-particles, 108 for carbon, 107 for nitrogen, 1.5 ? 107 for oxygen, and 105 for neon. The emplacement of a new injector is envisioned, which would further increase the intensity. In the past year, 20% of the Bevatron's working time has been devoted to the use of heavy ions. Work is continuing on increasing the efficiency of using the LVE synchrophasotron at JINR for ac- celerating heavy ions, where the acceleration proceeds in two stages with recapture. At present, 95% deuteron-recapture efficiency has been achieved. 384 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Xenon ions with energy ?7 MeV/nucleon and intensity 2 ? 1010 particles/sec have been obtained by the accelerator system of the Nuclear Reactions Laboratory at JINR. The system consists of a classical cyclotron with radius 310 cm and an isochronous cyclotron with radius 200 cm. In March, 1972, the isochronous cyclotron at the Nuclear Physics Institute of the Academy of Sci- ences of the Kazakh SSR was started up with regulated energy 7-30 MeV for protons, 14.5-25 MeV for deuterons, and 29-50 MeV for a-particles. The extracted-beam current is 30 ?A for protons and 12 ?A for a -particles. 9. A special session of the conference was devoted to questions of the use of accelerators in medi- cine, industry, and related areas of physics. In medicine, accelerators are used mainly in treating cancers. Proton beams with energy less than 200 MeV and r-meson beams with energy ?500 MeV are especially valuable for radiation therapy because, when they are used, the dose at a subsurface focus may exceed by a factor of 10 the dose at the surface of the irradiated body. Besides this, bremsstrahlung from electron accelerators with energy ?20 MeV, and also electron beams with energy ?40 MeV are used for radiation therapy. Experimental high-energy pro- ton beams for medical uses have been created at the synchrocyclotron at the Nuclear Problems Laboratory of JINR and at the IHEP proton synchrotron. Beams with regulated energy of 100-120 MeV have been used. At the present time, there are being worked out a project for a multichannel proton complex for massive irradiation of patients, based on the IHEP proton synchrotron, and also medical specifications for the con- struction of a clinical base using it-meson beams of the LYaP synchrocyclotron at JINR. The use of accelerators in related scientificareas is connected at present with the use of synchrotron radiation whose spectral region 1000-1 A (10 eV-10 keV) attracts the most attention, since it has the fewest efficient radiation sources. The sharply expressed directionality of the high degree of polarization of the synchrotron radiation and great energy density (tens of watts per cm2) open up qualitatively new possibilities for experimental studies in solid-state spectroscopy, molecular biology, photochemistry, extra-atmo- spheric astronomy, etc. Now, besides using existing electron synchrotrons, special machines (accelerators and storage units) are being created for this purpose. A project for such a storage unit has been devised at the Institute for Physical Problems, AS USSR. A 20 MeV microtron is used as the injector. The electron energy is in- creased to 1 GeV in the storage ring. The beam current is 100 mA; the lifetime is several hours. The beam gives 4.4 kW synchrotron radiation with wavelength at the spectral maximum of 4.7 A. The use of special radiative magnets (superconducting with 7.5 tesla field) produces a wavelength of ?1 A. The 1.3 GeV electron synchrotron under construction in Krasnaya Pakhra by the P. N. Lebedev Insti- tute of Physics, AS USSR, will be widely used as a source of synchrotron radiation. In the storage mode with local orbit distortion this synchrotron will give a high level of radiation in the range 0.5-100 A. The conference was very successful. This was in no small degree due to the excellent work done by the Organizational Committee headed by its chairman, Academician A. L. Mints. 385 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 XVIth INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS S. A. Bunyatov The XVIth biennial.International Conference on High Energy Physics was held in the USA (Chicago and Batavia) on September 6-13, 1972. More than 800 physicists from 45 countries took part. Approxi- mately 1000 reports were presented including 110 reports from the Soviet Union and OIYaI. The following main topics were discussed: strong interactions at high energy, weak interactions, electromagnetic inter- actions, and research methods in high energy physics. 1. The most interesting, accurate, and complete experimental results relating to strong interactions were presented, in the main, by the IFVE, OIYaI, ITEF, FIAN SSSR, and Erevan Institute of Physics Laboratories using the 70 GeV IFVE (USSR) accelerator and by the laboratories of CERN and its member nations where experiments were performed on the 28 GeV accelerator and 2 x 25 GeV colliding rings. The first results from the American National Laboratory at Batavia (USA) were of a preliminary nature due to large errors. Total Cross Sections. Experiments performed at the IFVE accelerators studied the energy depen- dence to 65 GeV of the difference between particle and antiparticle total cross sections for particles be- longing to the same isomultiplet. A series of experiments by Yu. D. Prokoshkina et al., shows that all total cross section differences decrease with increasing momentum, thus verifying the Pomeranchuk theorem. The first results on total pp-cross sections from the Batavia accelerator (100-300 GeV) and the CERN colliding rings (equivalent energy up to 1500 GeV) do not contradict the constancy of the pp total cross sections at the energies measured. However, these results are for the moment characterized by large errors (1.5 mb). In the last several years, the energy dependence of the total hadronic cross section for y-rays has been measured at SLAC (USA) up to an energy of 18 GeV. New results at higher energies from the electron beam at the IFVE accelerator (Erevan Institute of Physics, FIAN SSSR, IFVE) were presented to the con- ference. These showed that the total hadronic cross section for 7-proton interactions is constant at ener- gies higher than 20 GeV. This is in qualitative agreement with the vector dominance model. Elastic Scattering of Hadrons. New data on the ratio of real to imaginary parts of the forward pro- ton?proton elastic scattering amplitude at an energy of 270 GeV was obtained at the CERN colliding rings. The magnitude of this ratio (-1 ? 7)% is in agreement with the energy dependence found earlier at the IFVE accelerator by V. A. Nikitina at energies up to 70 GeV for both pp and pn collisions. Measurements of elastic pp scattering in the region of the diffractive peak for four-momentum trans- fers of 0.01-0.5 (GeV/c)2 at the CERN colliding rings show the existence of a break in the differential cross section at a four-momentum transfer value of 0.1 (GeV/c)2. New data from Batavia and CERN on the slope parameter for elastic pp-scattering show that the slope of the pp-scattering peak continues to grow with in- creasing energy. The first results on elastic scattering of pions, kaons, and antiprotons on protons at energies higher than 20 GeV were presented by two groups working at the IFVE accelerator: the IFVE?CERN collabora- tion (L. G. Landsberg, V. Kinzl) and S. B. Hurushev's group (IFVE). In the momentum transfer region 0.1- 0.4 (GeV/c)2 the slope parameter is practically independent of energy for 71--- and K--mesons with momenta up to 50 GeV/c. In the case of p-scattering, as energy increases, the slope parameter approaches the value of the pp-scattering slope parameter. Translated from Atomnaya tnergiya, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 309-311, April, 1973. O 1973 Consultants Bureau, a division of Plenum Publishing Corporation, 227 West 17th Street, New York, N. Y. 10011. All rights reserved. This article cannot be reproduced for any purpose whatsoever without permission of the publisher. A copy of this article is available from the publisher for $15.00. 386 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 New data from the CERN colliding rings exists on elastic pp-scattering in the region of large momen- tum transfer (greater than 0.5 (GeV/c)2) at energies up to 1500 GeV. The differential cross section here has a simple diffractive structure. Charge Exchange Scattering of Pions and Kaons. Results of a series of experiments by IFVE (Yu. D. Prokoshkin's group) on and K--charge exchange scattering at energies greater than 20 GeV were pre- sented at the conference. These experiments determined the differential cross sections of r-p-charge ex- change at zero degrees which is directly related to the ir-p- and r+-total cross section difference. The K--charge exchange cross section on protons was measured at the IFVE accelerator and the Brookhaven accelerator at lower energies. It decreases with increasing energy much faster than predicted by the Regge pole model. Significant deviations from quark model predictions of 1r-- and K--charge ex- change scattering are found at energies greater than 20 GeV. Coherent Regeneration of le-Mesons. The study of the coherent regeneration amplitude energy de- pendence for le-mesons on protons allows a direct check of the Pomeranchuk theorem for kaon and anti- kaon interactions with nuclei from measurements of both the modulus and phase of the amplitude. The re- sults obtained at the IFVE accelerator by the LVE OIYaI group (A. I. Savin et al.) show that the Pomeran- chuk theorem holds. The modulus of the regeneration amplitude decreases with increasing energy while its phase remains constant (about ?130?) up to 50 GeV/c. As a result of these measurements the energy dependence of the K?-neutron total cross section difference has been determined. The data is in good agreement with the independent measurements at IFVE using a K?-meson beam and confirm the growth of K?-neutron total cross sections. High Energy Production Processes. Many-particle production processes are becoming more and more important in the study of strong interactions. This is due to the fact that, first, many-particle states with multiplicities of up to 30 and total center of mass energy of up to 55 GeV have become available for study at the new accelerators (IFVE, CERN, Batavia Laboratory), and, second, because of new experi- mental verification of fundamental laws of scale invariance discovered in these processes. Furthermore, the possibility of effectively utilizing Regge pole ideas in constructing theoretical models that describe many-particle processes has been demonstrated. These trends stood out quite strikingly at the conference. A group of theoreticians from IFVE (A. A. Logunov et al.) began studying processes with one secon- dary particle singled out as early as 1967 (these later acquired the name "inclusive"). Scale invariance in the formation of rr-- and K--mesons and antiprotons on aluminum nuclei in the proton energy range of 20- 70 GeV was discovered in an experiment by an IFVE?CERN collaboration (Yu. D. Prokoshkin and G. Allabi). The first results on multiparticle production from the CERN colliding beams and from the hydrogen bubble chamber at Batavia have confirmed the existence of scale invariance up to the highest accessible energies. It has been possible to explain a number of observed regularities by using the generalized optical theorem in conjunction with ideas about Regge poles. The tendency for a widening exploration of multipar- ticle production processes will doubtless continue in the next several years. In the field of strong interaction theory (F. Low, USA) no new approaches were discussed. The im- portance of calculating the effect of cuts was particularly stressed. In connection with this, the calculation of the Reggeon? Baryon scattering cross section presented by K. A. Ter-Martirosyan (ITEF) was mentioned. 2. In the field of weak interactions particular attention was devoted to discussion of the CP-invariance violation problem in le-meson decays. A large part of K. Rubbia's rapporteur's talk was devoted to a dis- cussion of new results concerning the lifetime of the neutral shortlived kaons: (0.8958 ? 0.0045) ? 10-19 sec; (0.899 ? 0.005) ? 10-19 sec which are quite different from the preconference accepted values (0.862 ? 0.006) ? 10-19 sec. The new data lead to a significant change in the parameters that characterize CP-invariance violation in the decay of neutral kaons. The greatest interest was aroused by the discussion of the Kt ? 2/2 problem. The problem consists of the fact that A. Clark et al. have experimentally determined an upper limit to the branching ratio for this decay of 1.8. 10-9 while the theoretical lower bound, which follows from the unitarity condition is 6.10-9. A report from a group of physicists from Brookhaven who have begun a new experiment searching for the two-muon decay of the long-lived kaon was presented. They have found four to six cases of such a decay which gives a branching ratio for two-muon decay of 1 ? 0.45 ? 10-8. This value is in strong contra- diction to the result of A. Clark et al. 387 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Several models have been proposed in 1971-1972 to explain the Kto- 2? decay. The most interest- ing one can be reduced to the assumption of CP-invariance violation in KL ? 2y decays. As a result of this assumption the existence of a two-muon decay for the short-lived kaon is theoretically predicted with a branching ratio of ?10-6. According to reports from CERN groups the decay les ? 2? has not been seen at a level of 4. 10-7. The theory of weak interactions was discussed at a plenary session in a report by B. Lee (USA). Particularly great progress has occurred in the field of constructing models of weak interactions based on spontaneously broken chiral symmetries. This is connected with the proof of renormalizability of such models. The possibility has appeared of creating as complete a theory of weak interactions as, for in- stance, quantum electrodynamics for the electromagnetic interactions of leptons. The new theory unifies weak and electromagnetic interactions. The new models of weak interactions demand the existence of heavy leptons (particles with the same quantum numbers as electrons and muons but with considerably greater mass) which have not yet been seen experimentally. In connection with this much attention was given at the conference to the phenomenology of heavy leptons whose possible existence was first examined in the papers of E. M. Lipmanov (USSR). 3. In the field of electromagnetic interactions interest has shifted to many-particle photo- and elec- troproduction. Particularly interesting are studies of the dependence of many-particle production cross sec- tions on the square of the mass of the virtual photon. It has been discovered at Stanford that with increas- ing virtual photon mass not only does the mean multiplicity not increase (as was predicted by some popular models) but it even shows a tendency to decrease. The study of these regularities is very much in the forefront in connection with intensive experimentation using fast cycling hydrogen chambers and streamer chambers with liquid hydrogen targets in the working volume. Much experimental data has been accumulated on two-body electromagnetic reactions. Some of these regularities have turned out to be difficult to interpret in a simple and unique theoretical manner. Considerable progress has been achieved in the field of study of electron?positron interactions (Orsay, Frascatti, Novosibirsk, Cambridge). Significant new results have been obtained on the production of hadrons in electron?positron collisions. A new vector meson, the p'-meson, with a mass of ?1600 MeV and a width of ?350 MeV, decaying into four charged pions, has been discovered in these collisions as well as the production of proton?antiproton pairs. The study of multiparticle production has begun using colliding beams and it has been shown that (contrary to theorists' expectations) the total cross section for hadron formation is three times larger at 4 GeV center of mass energy than the cross section for muon pair production. This field will grow rapidly in the next several years due to the completion of new collid- ing beam accelerators (USSR, USA, FGR). From the theoretical side, attempts at explaining scaling in deep inelastic scattering from the point of view of field theory were most interesting. It has been shown (N. N. Bogolyubov, V. S. Vladimirov, A. N. Tavkhelidze, SSSR) that the scaling hypothesis does not contradict the basic postulates of field theory and, furthermore, that scaling is quite probable from the point of view of finite charge renormalization (A. V. Efremov, SSSR). 4. A special section chaired by L. Alvarez was set aside in the conference program to discuss the newest achievements in apparatus for experiments at modern accelerators. Invited talks concerning the most important new directions of experimental technology and a small number of original reports on the most interesting recent developments were presented. The most significant recent accomplishments in the detection of transition radiation in the x-ray frequency region have come from the Soviet Union (Erevan Institute of Physics). In connection with this, A. Ts. Amatunits report in which he presented the results of A. I. Alikhantyan et al. on detecting transition radiation and pointed out future possibilities of using transition radiation in experiments at very high energy accelerators was interesting. This methodology is now being investigated at a number of laboratories and could become quite practicable with particle beams of 1 TeV (1000 GeV) energies. Interesting news in the field of coordinate detectors was presented in a report by V. P. Dzhelepova (0IYaI) on the development of a solid argon wire detector. The possibility of creating such a detector has been demonstrated (A. F. Pisarev et al.), its characteristics have been studied, and a proposal has been made to use it to develop coordinate detectors. 388 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Results of research on total absorption detectors performed in Hofstater's laboratory at Stanford were presented. Unique cylindrical sodium-iodide crystals 60 cm in diameter and up to 40 cm thick have a resolution of up to 2% for 16 GeV electron energies. At the present time many laboratories are equipped with streamer chambers. As a rule, these are one or two meter streamer chambers with a liquid hydrogen target within the working volume. A new de- velopment in the creation of streamer chambers which are also gas targets was presented in a special re- port of Yu. Scherbakov (0IYaI). It has been shown possible for the first time to create a high pressure He3 streamer chamber. Chambers of this type are a quite promising tool for high energy physics experi- ments that require a visible interaction vertex and the detection of short range tracks (as in the case of coherent production). The importance of the development of streamer chamber technology was underlined by the fact that immediately after the Batavia conference a special international conference on streamer chambers was held at the Argonne National Laboratory. ?The main trends in the development of large liquid hydrogen bubble chambers are: the change to a multiexpansion regime per beam spill; the triggering of the photographic system of the chamber by a trigger system which selects a given reaction type, thus reducing the number of photographs to be scanned and increasing the statistics of good events. In the field of new experimental technology used at accelerators, the system of cylindrical wire spark chambers with magnetostrictive readout built in Stanford for experiments with colliding beams should be mentioned. The system consists of a solenoidal magnet with a 3 m inner diameter. Four concentric cylin- drical wire chambers subtending scattering angles in the range 45-135? are placed inside the magnet. Special note should be made of the rapid expansion of the role of computers in high energy physics. Expenses on the development of computing centers at large laboratories constitute about 10% of the yearly budget. All large laboratories are equipped with powerful computing centers using IBM 360/91, CDC-7600, or several CDC-6600 machines. Most of the electronic experiments are performed directly with a digital computer. These are usually small machines of the PDP-11 type or similar machines produced by the firm of Hewlett?Packard. All digital computers are equipped with a multitude of external attachments (displays, teletypes, plotters, magnetic disk memories, photomemories). Participants at the conference had the possibility of visiting Argonne National Laboratory where a 13 GeV proton synchrotron is in operation. After the conference, trips were arranged to other major accelerator centers in the USA: the Brookhaven National Laboratory, equipped with a 33 GeV proton syn- chrotron; the Lawrence Laboratory in Berkeley where experiments are performed on a 6.3 GeV proton , synchrotron and a 740 MeV synchrocyclotron; the Stanford SLAC Laboratory, with a 20 GeV linear elec- tron accelerator; the Los Alamos Anderson Meson Factory equipped with a 800 MeV linear proton accele- rator with a projected mean current of up to 1000 mA. 389 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE PHYSICS OF HIGH ENERGIES AND ELEMENTARY PARTICLES S. M. Bilen'kii and V. M. Sidorov The symposium was organized by the Combined Institute for Nuclear Research and the Institute of Experimental Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences and took place on October 2-9, 1972, in Czecho- slovakia (Strba Lake, High Tatra). Physicists from the USSR, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, Mongolia, Rumania, and Austria took part in the symposium. Forty-five reports were delivered. The results of recent experimental and theoretical research concerning a wide range of problems of the physics of strong, electromagnetic, and weak interactions were reported. Several reports were devoted to new methodological studies in the field of high-energy physics. New concrete data obtained at the Dubna, Serpukhov, and CERN accelerators were presented. A review of data on p?p and p?d scattering through small angles, obtained at the accelerator of the Institute of High-Energy Physics (IHEP), in the energy range 10-70 GeV was presented by M. G. Shafronova (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research). These studies allow us to verify the basic theoretical conceptions about the behavior of scattering amplitude at high energies. Explanation of the anomaly in the decay KL ???- is one of the important problems of recent years. In connection with this anomaly, a hypothesis was expressed concerning the possibility of a relatively high probability of the decay Ks ? 2y. V. A. Shabanov reported on searches for this decay. Analysis of ?500,000 photographs showed that r (Ks ? 2y)/F (Ks) < 5 ? 10-4. In connection with the problem KL hypotheses were were also expressed concerning the possibility that there exists a light boson which decays into 12+ and J. Gladky (Czechoslovakia) presented results of searches for this particle from the IHEP ac- celerator. No such boson was observed. M. Novak (Czechoslovakia) told of studies of Ks meson regeneration with hydrogen and carbon, which was accomplished using the IHEP accelerator. These experiments give information on the amplitude dif- ference of elastic scattering of K? and le mesons. Ya. Ruzhechka (JINR) presented preliminary results of searches for the Dirac monopole at the IHEP accelerator at proton energies of 70 GeV. An attempt was made to observe Cerenkov radiation which could be caused by the monopole. It was shown that the crea- tion cross section of the monopole?antimonopole pair by protons at nuclei is less than 8.10-40 cm2 on con- dition that the monopole mass is ?5 GeV. Great attention was given to experiments which studied single-particle processes. In experiments on the 2 m a:1\TR propane chamber, reported by R. Sosnowski (Poland), data were obtained on multiplicity in interaction processes between 7r mesons and protons and neutrons. It was shown that in a wide energy range the equality ncharge = 2%. holds. The inclusive spectra which were found are in agreement with scale invariance. Several reports concerned results obtained using the JINR, 1 m hydrogen chamber irradiated by Ir mesons with pulse of 5 GeV/sec. I. M. Gramenitskii reported on the results of the first experiments using a deuteron beam acceler- ated in the JINR synchrophasotron. This work studied various interaction processes of deuterons whose momentum was 3 GeV/sec with protons. A. Mihul (Rumania) reported on interesting ideas concerning new Translated from Atomnaya Energiya, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 312-313, April, 1973. 0 1973 Consultants Bureau, a division of Plenum Publishing Corporation, 227 West 17th Street, New York, N. Y. 10011. All rights reserved. This article cannot be reproduced for any purpose whatsoever without permission of the publisher. A copy of this article is available from the publisher for $15.00. 390 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 means of presenting and analyzing experimental data. V. A. Shakhbazyan (JINR) reported on-results of searches for resonance in many-baryon systems. Reports were made on studies of low-energy processes. V. M. Sidorov (MIR) told of results of studies of the capture reaction of r mesons by nuclei of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. The probability of forming B8 through the capture of 7" mesons by nitrogen nuclei was measured. V. S. Roganov (JINR) re- ported on a wide-ranging program of study of chemical compounds using ti mesons. The depolarization of was measured in various media. The dependence of the tt- depolarization on the length of the carbon chain in alcohols and chloralkides allowed determination of the radius of the chemical-interaction zone for mesonic atoms. The theoretical reports were mainly devoted to the following questions: 1) devising methods for analyzing experimental data which would completely take into account ana- lytical properties of elements of the S matrix; 2) the use of dispersion relations for studying strong interactions; 3) electromagnetic interactions and scale invariance; 4) studies of inelastic processes based on the Regge and Veneziano model; 5) weak interactions and the physics of K mesons; 6) devising methods for determining resonance spin and parity. The review report by P. Preshnaider dealt in detail with a new statistical method for presenting ex- perimental data through analytical functions, which was developed by theoreticians in Czechoslovakia. A. Nogova and J. Pisut used this method to determine the parameters of 3.3 resonance in a r?N system. The values obtained differ from those accepted earlier (M = 1204 MeV and r = 73 MeV). P. Lichard re- ported on results of applying the statistical method for determining the pion?nucleon coupling constant. It was found that f2= 0.794 ? 0.0020. On the basis of dispersion relations, taking two-particle unitarity into account, M. Blazhek has constructed a model for describing hadron-scattering processes at low and moderate energies. The work of V. I. Zhuravlev and V. A. Meshcheryakov (JINR) is devoted to a detailed analysis of the dispersion equations of Chu and Low. New solutions to these equations have been found. S. Dubnichka (JINR) used dispersion relations to calculate the real part of the amplitude for elastic scattering of ions by He4. S. M. Bilenykii (JINR) presented the results of analysis of all available data on elastic e?p scat- tering and extremely inelastic scattering of electrons by protons. M. Petras (Czechslovakia) has con- structed a model of nonlocal electromagnetic interactions. All physical consequences of the Petras model coincide with those of ordinary electrodynamics. M. Nog (Czechoslovakia) examined several consequences of scale invariance. The author showed that at the limit fir ? 0 and rn, ? 0 the Pomeranchuk theorem fol- lows from scale invariance. A. B. Kaidalov et al. (USSR) constructed a multiperipheral model with Regge pion, which allows one with one parameter to describe a large collection of experimental data. The results of calculating the inclusive spectra on the basis of the dual B6 model in the Mellor theorem were presented by K. Bilbo et al. (GDR). There is good agreement with experiment. General limits on the quasipotential parameters were obtained by S. V. Goloskokov and V. A. Matveev (JINR). S. M. Bilentkii in his review re- port presented the Vainberg theories of weak and electromagnetic interaction. Analysis of the possible effects related to weak second-order current was reflected in the paper by G. Pichman (Austria). M. Lokaj- cek (Czechoslovakia) gave a detailed analysis of the interrelations of unitarity for the S matrix. It was shown that a consistent formulation of field theory is possible without the principle of superposition and unitarity relation. J. Votrub et al. (Czechoslovakia) offered a new method for testing the SRT theorem. V. Novak (GDR) told of phenomenological methods he developed for determining the spin and parity of a system of three pions. The report by M. Bendar (Czechoslovakia) was devoted to methods for determining spin and parity for three-particle baryon resonances. A. V. Tarasov and L. G. Tkachev (JINR) examined coherent and incoherent interactions between high-energy particles and nuclei. The above indicates the multiplicity of problems discussed at the symposium. We should mention the work of the organizational committee headed by the director of the Institute for Experimental Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Professor I. Dubinski. The close scientific ties and the unconstrained 391 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 atmosphere allowed the symposium participants to discuss in detail experimental and theoretical research on the physics of high energies which is being conducted in the socialist countries. The symposium papers will be published by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in 1973. 392 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE INTERACTION OF LASER RADIATION WITH MATTER P. P. Pashinin The conference took place on October 9-13, 1972, in Marly-le-Roi (France). It was organized by the French Commissariat on Atomic Energy and the research center in Limeil and was devoted to one of the present trends in modern physics, namely, obtaining a high-temperature plasma using lasers and thus solving the problem of controlled thermonuclear reactions. The conference is similar to the Gordon conferences, to which only a limited number of specialists? most active at a given time in the field are admitted, and only by invitation from the conference organizing committee. The main purpose of the conference is the operational exchange of information concerning the latest experimental results, new promising means of solving problems, new types of equipment, and programs of work at basic-research centers for the near future. About 110 people took part in the conference (of them, 50 were French scientists, mainly from the Limeil and Saclay centers). The foreign scientists represented practically all major world scientific centers at which such work is conducted. The Soviet delegation included Academician N. G. Basov, 0. N. Krokhin, T. G. Kryukov, and P. P. Pashinin. Fifty- five reports were delivered. The conference materials will not be published. One can conclude from the reports that no significant successes have been achieved recently in heating a dense plasma by using lasers. Several laboratories, following the lead of French scientists, obtained a stable neutron output of -2.104 neutrons/pulse based on nanosecond neodymium-glass lasers with energies up to 100 J and using solid targets of deuterium or deuterized polyethylene. The record re- mains ?106 neutrons/pulse achieved upon irradiation of a target at the 10 channel laser installation at the P. N. Lebedev Institute of Physics, AS USSR. Apparently, the most important results in this field are the determination of the strong dependence of neutron output on focusing conditions (research center at Limeil) and also the observation of a strong decrease in neutron output when using a yttrium?aluminum?garnet laser as the master oscillator in the laser system (Institute of Plasma Physics, Nagoya, Japan). The latter result is still difficult to explain even in qualitative terms. Several theoretical reports were made on the mechanisms of energy transfer from the laser to the plasma. They analyzed various types of instabilities in a plasma in a strong field and their possible role in increasing the efficiency of the energy portion, including the role of the forced Brillouin scattering type of instabilities and parametric and beam instabilities, etc. Experimental work in this field is, as before, in its infancy, and new results are purely qualitative. Changes in the type of radiation reflection from the plasma dependent on the growth of flux density of the laser radiation, and also the appearance of fast neu-, trons, hard x-rays, and fast ions were observed. It is significant that in theoretical work the leading laboratories (Los Alamos, Livermore, etc.) have gone over to broad application of modern computers for designing numerical experiments. This allows more accurate evaluation of the relative role of various nonlinear interaction mechanisms between laser radiation and the plasma, and clearer presentation of the physical picture of instability in both time and space. Notable progress has been achieved in devising methods for laser?plasma diagnostics. A diagnostic technique has been worked out for fast ions with simultaneous determination of the absolute output of fast particles and the energy distribution of the particles. It was shown that a significant portion of the hard x-radiation in laser experiments is caused by radiation arising at the chamber walls when fast particles Translated from Atomnaya Energiya, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 313-314, April, 1973. C 1973 Consultants Bureau, a division of Plenum Publishing Corporation, 227 West 17th Street, New York, N. Y. 10011. All rights reserved. This article cannot be reproduced for any purpose whatsoever without permission of the publisher. A copy of this article is available from the publisher for $15.00. 393 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 hit them. This complicates plasma diagnostics using continuous-spectrum x-rays. Developed in more detail were methods of studying plasma parameters using absorption and radiation in the spectral lines of heavy multicharged ions. This method is very promising, since it allows one to move into the field of very high plasma densities, where the application of other methods is limited. Especially interesting was the report by P. Jeglay (France) on theoretical and experimental studies of nonequilibrium distributions of the state populations of highly excited ions. These results are important not only from the point of view of devising correct laser-plasma diagnostic techniques using spectral lines in the x-ray region. The authors, essentially for the first time, proved experimentally the possibility of obtaining highly unstable states, which allows us to expect that x-ray lasers will be produced. In general, perfecting of spectral measure- ments in the x-ray region, together with perfecting methods for measuring the distribution function of fast ions, apparently, will serve in the near future as the basis for laser-plasma diagnostics, especially for plasmas with very high densities. Work on laser systems for obtaining high-temperature plasmas can be divided into two tendencies. The goal of the first tendency is devising the next generation of 103-104 J nanosecond and picosecond lasers. This apparatus is mainly for conducting experiments to determine fusion-energy output, electron and ion temperatures, the role of instabilities, and the efficiency of the energy contribution from the laser energy and power and also from the type of laser target. Main attention, as previously, is given to neodymium- glass lasers. The Livermore Laboratory, Los Alamos, Rochester University, and the Naval Research Laboratory (USA) propose to begin work in 1973 with -103 J lasers. The Livermore Laboratory and the laboratory of KMS Industries (USA) plan -104 J lasers. The Institute of Plasma Physics (Garching, FRG) is now working on creating a 1-2 GW laser with pulse length 10 nanoseconds based on photodissociation of CF3I (or C3F7I) with wavelength 1.316 p. A 103 J system is now being devised. The goal of the second tendency is the more long-range prospect of solving the problem of controlled thermonuclear fusion. In this case, increasing the laser system efficiency and the feasibility of working in various spectral ranges are necessary. Electric-discharge lasers at the CO2 molecule vibrational tran- sitions with wavelengths 10.6 p are promising. The Los Alamos Laboratory is now devising such a laser system with energy of the order of 103 J, with the prospect of further increasing it to 104 J. The National Research Council in Canada has produced a 300 J CO2 laser with pulse length 60 nsec. Attempts are now being made to efficiently transform infrared laser radiation into the visible and, possibly, ultraviolet spectra using nonlinear optics methods and induced effects. The main burden of work on controlled thermonuclear fusion using lasers has changed to the analysis of proposals for realizing superhigh compression and heating of the spherical solid D-T target to densities 103-104 times the initial density. Qualitative examination has been made of the stability of compression and various aspects of the interaction of the laser radiation with the target and the surrounding plasma corona. Plasma instabilities in the region of strong laser radiation and their role in the efficiency of energy transport from the laser beam to the plasma, forced Brillouin and Compton scattering, and parametric, two-stream, and relativistic instabilities have been analyzed. Special attention was given to the possible influence of non-Maxwellian electron distribution arising through these effects on the heating of the com- pressed central target nucleus. This may greatly decrease the achievable compression. There were new results concerning calculations of the compression of the D-T spherical shell. In the range of low laser energies this model gives less optimistic results than the solid spherical target. However, it is attractive because, in principle, it allows one to use long laser pulses and decreases the extreme demand for laser-beam focusing. Calculations show that at laser energy of 0.8 MJ one can obtain an energy amplification factor of the order of 100. An interesting model for a thermonuclear target, in which the D-T fuel is compressed by a heavy spherical liner, was analyzed by S. Kalizski (Poland). Two cases were examined: ignition of the sphere using an explosion at the surface, and ignition using laser radiation. The given plan is advantageous since, because of the great system inertia, ignition can occur more slowly (and, consequently, the laser pulse duration can be greater, the power lower, and the role of instabilities less) and the D-T combustion con- ditions are improved. In conclusion, we may note that in the most advanced countries recently, intensive work is being conducted on theoretical analysis and the creation of unique laser systems for testing the prospects for laser-induced thermonuclear fusion. 394 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP10-02196R000400010004-6 THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MEDICAL PHYSICS V. S. Khoroshkov The Third International Conference on Medical Physics took place in Goteborg, Sweden, from July 30 through August 4, 1972. It was organized by the International Organization for Medical Physics with the cooperation of the Swedish National Committee on Medical Physics and the Goteborg Center for Medical Technology. About 320 reports were given at 29 sessions. Many of the sessions show at a glance the broad range of physics and engineering trends which were reflected in the work of the conference. A series of reports of interest from the point of view of atomic physics (radiation sources, including heavy-charged- particle accelerators, dosimetry, and the production and use of isotopes, etc.) was also rather extensive. About 20 reports were devoted to accelerators and their beams. More than half of these reports con- cerned proton, heavy-ion, and r-meson beams. Basic physical research in radiation medicine and biology is devoted to beams of heavy-charged particles. The two most complete review reports (M. Raju, USA, and B. Larsson, Sweden) reflect the situation in this field. Comparative analysis of the physical properties of beams of various heavy-charged particles are being conducted and the fields in which they can be applied in biology and clinical practice are being elucidated. It is known that beams of heavy-charged particles, due to the physical properties of their interactions with matter, allow one to produce a more sharply de- fined dose field than the dose fields associated with x-ray, 7-ray, and electron beams. They have a higher relative biological efficiency, and the radiation effect depends less strongly on the oxygen content in the irradiated tissue. This allows one to produce a better ratio of the dose at the focus to the dose which acts on surrounding tissues and the organism as a whole. At the world's largest accelerators, a close interrelationship is being effected between oncological and radiological centers which conduct both research and clinical activities. An interesting report was given by L. Skaggs (USA), which was devoted to the prospects for developing medical and biological re- search at the world's largest proton synchrotron in Batavia. The use of three types of radiation is pro- posed: a'66-200 MeV linear-accelerator proton beam; a r--beam generated by the proton beam from a booster synchrotron; fast neutrons generated at Be and D targets by a 37-66 MeV proton beam from a linear accelerator. The report included the expected radiation parameters, which are evidence of their usefulness both in biological research and in clinical practice. The Los Alamos scientific laboratory of the University of California (A. Landy et al., USA) plans to begin biological research using a meson beam as early as the middle of 1973. The expected beam intensity assures a dose rate up to 35 rad/min, which, in general, is sufficient for clinical use. At the Bevatron of the Donner Laboratory of the University of California (H. Maccabee et